Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Description of Lexical Relations in a ...

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Examples for the verb TEACH: (person X [I] teaches subject Y [II] to people Z [III]) S 1(teach) = //teacher S 2(teach) = //(subject) matter [in high school] S 3(teach) = //student; pupil —Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 38 for the noun LETTER: (letter by person X [I] to person Y [II] about Z [III]) S 1(letter) = writer [of the letter]; sender [of the letter] S 2(letter) = addressee [of the letter] S 3(letter) = contents [of the letter] In the left-hand column, one sees fused elements of the value of the corresponding LFs, and in the right-hand column, non-fused elements (see above, 2.4, Item 1, p. 00, and below, 5.3, p. 00). The fused character of an LF value element is shown—here and below—by the symbol ‘//,’ preceding all the fused elements. Note also that in cases where the value of an LF contains more than one element we put commas between elements that are (almost) synonymous; those that show a more serious semantic difference are separated by a semicolon (thus, strictly speaking, the (writer of a letter) ≠ (the sender of this letter)). 12-16. S instr, S med, S mod, S loc, S res = circumstantial nouns The LFs S instr, S med, S mod, S loc, S res are the standard names of main (Deep-Syntactic) circumstants of L; they are circumstantial nouns: respectively, the standard name of instrument, of means, of mode, of location, and of the result presupposed by the situation (L) (L is, as a rule, a noun or a verb). Like actantial nouns, circumstantial nouns normally are used instead of their keyword L; if they don’t, they also take L as their DSyntA II: S instr−II→L. Examples Sinstr⊃ (shoot) = //firearm S instr(murderV,N) = murder weapon Smed⊃ (shoot) = //ammunition S mod(consider) = //approach [I consider this problem as follows: ... ≈ My approach to this problem is as follows: ...] S loc(fightV [two armies]) = //battlefield S loc(war) = theater of war Sres⊃ (learn) = //knowledge, skills Sres⊃ (explosion) = shockwave S res⊃ (copyV) = //copyN LFs 17 and 18 specify properties of potential and probable DSynt-actants of L; syntactical- ly, both are adjectives and both replace L in the text. Both apply only to LUs whose meaning is a real functor (action, state, process, property, …) and thus presupposes actants. 17. Able i [Lat. habilis (able, manageable)] = potential actantial adjectives
—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 39 L´, an element of Able i(L), names the determining property of the (referent of the) i-th potential DSynt-actant of L. More precisely, Able 1 means (which can/tends to L), and Able 2, (which can/tends to be L-ed); thus, the meaning of Able i(L) includes that of L. Examples Able 1(cryV) = tearful Able 1(varyV) = variable Able 2(proveV) = provable Able 2(trustV) = trustworthy Rus. Able 2(somnevat´sja (doubtV)) = somnitel´nyj lit. (doubtable) Rus. AntiAble 2(somnevat´sja (doubtV)) = nesomnennyj lit. (undoubtful) = (such that one cannot doubt it) Cf. also: S 1Able 1(cryV) = crybaby S 1Able 1Caus(cryV) = tearjerker [a movie, a book] S 1Able 2(laugh2V) = laughing stock 18. Qual i [Lat. qualitas (quality)] = qualifying actantial adjectives L´, an element of Qual i(L), names the determining property of the i-th probable DSynt- actant of L, that is, the property such that it entails the tendency of the referent of this actant to L/to be L-ed; the meaning of Qual i(L) does not include that of L. Examples Qual 1(cryV) = sad Qual 1(laugh1V) = cheerful Qual 1(win [over NY]) = strong Qual 1(prove) = logical Qual 2(doubtV) = implausible Qual 2(laugh2V) = awkward; absurd Qual 2(win [over NY]) = weak Qual 2(prove) = obvious Qual i entails the probability of Able i but not vice versa: if something is implausible it tends to be doubtful, but a doubtful statement is not necessarily implausible; an obvious statement is likely to be provable, but something provable is by no means always obvious; etc. LFs 19 and 20 are, roughly speaking, ‘quantifiers:’ a singulative and a collective. They are inverse with respect to each other: (Sing(Mult(L1))) ≈ (L1) and (Mult(Sing(L2))) ≈ (L2).
Page 1 and 2: Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Descr
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Page 9 and 10: Means noun ((δ) = (means [for L]))
Page 13 and 14: Here are some examples of LFs. —C
Page 19 and 20: 2.3 Definition of Standard Lexical
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Page 43 and 44: Examples —Chapter 18. Lexical Fun
Page 49 and 50: ! ! 38. Loc temp in = localization
Page 51: Remarks —Chapter 18. Lexical Func
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Page 78 and 79: 6.1.1 Lexical Functions Are Not Sem
Page 82 and 83: 6.1.3 Different Semantic ‘Facets
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—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions—
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Bibliographic Remarks —Chapter 18
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