Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Description of Lexical Relations in a ...

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LFs. —Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 20 To better delineate the concept of standard LF, I will present in more detail non-standard 2.4 Examples of Non-Standard Lexical Functions Here are four explained examples of non-standard LFs. Example 1 The meaning (without addition of a dairy product) has in many languages two expressions: a special, phraseologically bound expression used with the noun meaning (coffee), as in black COFFEE, Fr. CAFÉ noir, Rus. čërnyj KOFE lit. (black coffee), Sp. CAFÉ sólo lit. (coffee alone), and a free phrase without milk (and its equivalents in other languages) used in other contexts; thus, tea without milk is not called *black tea, *thé noir, *čërnyj čaj: it is simply tea without milk. Remarks 1. (Coffee with milk) has a free expression in English and Russian—with milk and s molo- kom, but not in Serbian and French: Serb. bela kafa lit. (white coffee), Fr. café au lait ou café crème, see below. 2. Note a phraseological expression of both meanings in (some dialects of) English, but in a different syntactic position: I prefer my tea black (without milk) and I prefer my coffee light (with milk). The meaning (without addition of a product modifying the taste) also has two expressions in French: THÉ nature lit. (nature tea) = (regular tea), and WHISKY sec lit. (whisky dry) (cf. also have one’s WHISKY straight (up)). The expressions of these two meanings are lexically distributed: BLACK with COFFEE, but WITHOUT MILK with anything else (similarly in other languages); Fr. NATURE with THÉ, but SEC with WHISKY. Therefore, the meanings (without addition of a dairy product) and (without addition of a product modifying the taste) satisfy Def. 18.3: they are associated with an LF. However, they fail Condition 1 of Def. 18.4: these meanings are too specific and applicable only to a few names of beverages and dishes. (They fail Condition 2 of Def. 18.4 as well of course.) The meanings in question correspond to non-standard LFs in English, French, and Russian. Example 2 In French, the meaning (with the addition of a little milk) has at least two different expressions, which are also lexically distributed: CAFÉ crème 〈*café à la crème, *café avec de la crème, *café lait〉 (coffee with milk) vs. THÉ au lait 〈*thé crème〉. 6 Therefore, the meaning in question
—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 21 determines a lexical dependency which satisfies Conditions A1-A3 of Def. 18.3: it is a Lexical Function. However, it fails to satisfy Conditions 1 and 2 of Def. 18.4: it also corresponds to a non-standard LF. Example 3 In Russian, the meaning (of brown color) has five different expressions depending on what it characterizes: for anything but human eyes, human hair and horses the adjective KORIČNEVYJ is used; but (brown eyes) are KARIE glaza 〈*koričnevye glaza〉, (brown hair) is TËMNORUSYE or KAŠTANOVYE volosy 〈*koričnevye volosy〉, and (a brown horse) is GNEDOJ kon´ 〈*koričnevyj kon´〉. Therefore, the meaning (of brown color) determines in Russian a lexical dependency which satisfies Conditions A1-A3 of Def. 18.3: it is an LF. However, although unlike the meanings (without addition of a dairy product), (without addition of a product modifying the taste) and (with the addition of cream), the meaning (of brown color) satisfies Condition 1 of Def. 18.4 (a huge variety of things can be of brown color!), it fails Condition 2: it has only five different expressions and four of these (KARIJ, TËMNORUSYJ or KAŠTANOVYJ, and GNEDOJ) are used with very few specific arguments each (eyes, hair, horses). This meaning equally is a non-standard LF of Russian. Example 4 The meaning (which has 366 days) cannot be applied to anything but YEAR: it constitutes a degenerate—and therefore non-standard—LF. Its expression appears only with YEAR and is fair- ly idiosyncratic: leap YEAR; cf. similar expressions Ger. SchaltJAHR lit. (switch year), Rus. visokosnyj GOD [the adjective VISOKOSNYJ cannot be used outside of this phrase], Serb. prestupna GODINA [the adjective PRTESTUPNI cannot be used outside of the given phrase, either]. In French, this meaning is applicable to two nouns: AN (year) and ANNÉE ((duration of a) year); but it pro- duces a correct collocation only for ANNÉE: année bissextile, *an bissextil. Degenerate non-standard LFs are characterized by unique cooccurrence of the collocate: it combines with just one base (or with very few near-synonymous bases). Thus, bleary/beady EYES, aquiline NOSE, husky VOICE, artesian WELL, bubonic PLAGUE, LOOK for a needle in a haystack are all examples of degenerate non-standard LFs of English (the keywords—collocation bases—are capitalized). @@Easternn Europe vs. East Africa, Afrique orientale Although theoretically the distinction between normal non-standard and degenerate non- standard LFs is quite clear, in practice, i.e., with respect to specific collocations, it is not always
Page 1 and 2: Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Descr
Page 3 and 4: —Chapter 18. Lexical Functions—
Page 9 and 10: Means noun ((δ) = (means [for L]))
Page 13 and 14: Here are some examples of LFs. —C
Page 19: 2.3 Definition of Standard Lexical
Page 43 and 44: Examples —Chapter 18. Lexical Fun
Page 49 and 50: ! ! 38. Loc temp in = localization
Page 51: Remarks —Chapter 18. Lexical Func
Page 61 and 62: NB: CausFin(P) means—by definitio
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—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions—
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6.1.1 Lexical Functions Are Not Sem
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6.1.3 Different Semantic ‘Facets
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LF-Sem-Rule 3 (intensely) 1 ! —Ch
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Bibliographic Remarks —Chapter 18
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