Mireille Consalvey PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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'I) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Time (days) Figure 3.6: Change in the critical erosion threshold + SE over time after a disturbance event 10 12 14
(_ hpii 3.3.2. Laboratory Investigation into biofilm growth Visual obscrvations I'm Illation ýT! 11! ý -1-11jolf-IIJI-1- ic -ýl q The colouration of the sediment in the petri dishes rapidly changed from brown to the golden brown colour associated with diatornaceous biofilms. After 45 days patches of green had also appeared, which would suggest a shift in the taxonomic groups. As the biofilm developed, bubbles of oxygen were visibly adhered to the biofilm, both above and below the surface, indicating high rates of primary productivity. By day 45, the biofilm was blistering away from the sediment surface as well as growing on the water surface and adhering to the side of the tank. There was also some bacterial growth; evident from an oily meniscus on the water/biofilm surface. LTSEM analysis revealed that pennate diatoms (- 10 gm) were the first to colonise the sediments. These were followed by chain forming and other large species (planktonic and benthic forms). Some bacterial growth was also evident, By day 13, the biofilm was well developed; a diverse algal community embedded in matrix of EPS covered the sediment surface. At the end of the study densely packed areas of cyanobactena were also evident. The samples were highly hydrated and the cells were embedded in an EPS layer preventing taxonomic identification Bulk density (Figure 3.7). Over the course of the experiment bulk density did not significantly change from the initial value of 0.78 + 0.24 g CM-3 on day 0. 73
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42 =>
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Table of Contents Declaration ii Ac
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4 Laboratory investigation into mic
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temperatures on fluorescence parame
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always been real sweeties. Also tha
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Chl Chlorophyll Chl a Chlorophyll a
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CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION Wo
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(, 'I, I 1)CI ii I lU RH araphid (n
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dpl. II (I c I) cIq 111 I-Itro-ducJ
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c 11 cIa 11 (T-oduct-Ioll integrate
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( lapRl Wilclul IfInOdik 11011 impo
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Chdpt(1111 1. -, -- I--, -- -- I, -
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(-Jlaptýýr j( rcllcj-ý11 ý: - o
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1.3.2. The Photosynthetic carbon re
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( CflCI iii I TI )dU( t Zingmark 19
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( lidptLI ( ft fln JI flU UII Di wh
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Cha ter I (iclicl-al IntroiftwOoll
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whilst cells minimise their exposur
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1. Pigments Introduction Chlorophyl
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Spectral reflectance studies examin
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(-'Ilaptcýr J, I, -, --, --, --, -
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( anci JII )tI( )(Jtk IO) which buf
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( ! p1'1 -- -1 -ý T-( ý 1)era J-1
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Uh Temporal changes in the microsca
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(I (rcI IpuiE't, cells as they emer
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Page 53 and 54: ( hapi"T 1 11 1- 11 1- ---- -- -- 1
Page 55 and 56: (A lal )te II- iý; 11 11 1 1- IIIJ
Page 57 and 58: ( 1ý lv-ý ý12, -) -, - -- - -- -
Page 59 and 60: 2.1.3. The Colne Estuary "VIt"utc-1
Page 61 and 62: (I --- -- "I'l- I -11-1--l- -I--"--
Page 63 and 64: E I I Uneven surface topography ma]
Page 65 and 66: 2.4. Wet bulk density (Equation 2.2
Page 67 and 68: ('liapti 2- 2.5.4. Cell identificat
Page 69 and 70: ( hapt )- acetone and DMF do not di
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 Materials and Nlethocts P
Page 73 and 74: Prior to a run all solvents were ge
Page 75 and 76: (h1ft 'ý, I (I ', tý7! ýI)iI"Iý
Page 77 and 78: QLapteLi2 2.6.6. Troubleshooting th
Page 79 and 80: ---- ------ at 486.5 nm on a Cecil
Page 81 and 82: Figure 2.10. A) The fibre optic mea
Page 83 and 84: tcl -1 Materials jnd 'Mclho(k attac
Page 85 and 86: Chapt r2 Materials mid Methods A hi
Page 87 and 88: 2 2.9.2. Fluorescence parameters Fl
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER THREE ! i()fi1I1I 1]lILli\L
Page 91 and 92: - -I ii-ofj) II 1- 1-() 111 llatim
Page 94 and 95: Biofilill follllýltioll ailki de,
Page 96 and 97: I Fresh sea water 0 inflow Petri di
Page 98 and 99: " V. 74ý IkIftill AV Ali 4ft llý
Page 100 and 101: CD 70 60 50 40 30 20 02468 10 12 14
Page 104 and 105: Aiil- . -, ý'. 4 ý.. , lo "CJ U r
Page 106 and 107: 70 65 60 55 50 -m 45 0 C) cu E 40 3
Page 108 and 109: 3.1. There was a significant differ
Page 110 and 111: (F5,12ý1.48, p=O. 266). The colloi
Page 112 and 113: ý-Jofilj I I,, Corn I, atio IIoIId
Page 114 and 115: 100- 80- 60- 40- 20- 01 0 100-1 80
Page 116 and 117: 6) 5 4 3 2 I 01111 40 45 50 55 7- 6
Page 118 and 119: llaptýýl 3 Riof-11111 f6l matioll
Page 120 and 121: C, ý E z 6 5- 4 3- 6- 2- 5- _0 4-
Page 122 and 123: 13i(, )flllll f'ormatioll alld (]C\
Page 124 and 125: Colloidal carbohydrates 13iof-11111
Page 126 and 127: - ------ J i of -11 d 11 -i dd and
Page 128 and 129: ! )f]llfl 101 IfliltIoll l1l(l1l de
Page 130 and 131: The presence of grazers in the fiel
Page 132 and 133: Table 3.4: Correlative relationship
Page 134 and 135: I. ahoratory investiLalion iln-lo-
Page 136 and 137: Chapici 4 Laborator\ hivest' jgauml
Page 138 and 139: 11 tei 41 ahora ao I% tigallon -- i
Page 140 and 141: "' 0 . C13 CIS m 1 1 ; -10 --1 5 -0
Page 142 and 143: u r . mu tu Q) Q) P. Q) C) 2 ý- ý
Page 144 and 145: liapiý,, i 4 iilvý: Ajt III()[) l
Page 146 and 147: . ..... ..... kihorator wo Inicrol)
Page 148 and 149: Water level 00 High tide Low 10 tid
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 4 4.2.4. Pigment determinat
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IIa lit ei--" -aborutorv II III to,
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LO (n CD 0 140 120 100 80 =3 i; --
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C: 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 .2o. o4 0 co
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0.88 0.86 LO Eý 0.84 LLý 0.82 0.8
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-C 100 200 300 400 500 PPFD (ý, mo
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( li-, tp-lci 4_-, -- -, -1, aho_r
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C: E 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 2 c:: 0.4 (D c
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0.90 E 0.88 U- Li 0.86 0.84 Low tid
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-. 1-Aho-ratory i 11-1ý1, -Clýtj
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0 CL (D Cl) 0 CL x 0 w -0 21 G) cm
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Rates of change (Eden April) 1) Ove
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liapl, cr 4 1.. ahoray III%: (, 1:
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0.82 'ý' 0.81 LL. . 2) 0.80 0.79 0
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ce Cd -a gý- -+ Um (n " -C. , m CI
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( hapt I ahorator u on ns1r / in wa
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(11ýqjtý2i 4 I. abon'tiolvimc, .
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J-1a Ii 1--c i oll Itil'o tll'! rw
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( ! q)1 II CtRdtIO(I Ito flhII 01)h
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In ýiw mw Ll->illýg CHAPTER FIVE
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%im illvestiLalion into micronfivto
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( /11 /Iu The following day the tan
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Figure 5.2: (A) Experimental set-up
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f- Ii 7-f .r- 1« Figure 5.3: (A) T
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Table 5.5: Sampling schedules in si
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Changes in Fluorescence parameters
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5.3.2. Colne Estuary (U. K. ) Day 1
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hi . ýilll jtlvý: SliLatiorl lilt
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0 0- 0- C 0) 0- 2000 1500 )6 42 c:
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ýifu ilivcSit'. 'alion ilito 1111c
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5.3.3. Eden Estuary (U. K. ) Physic
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300- 275- 250- 225- c 200- 0 :3 = 1
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1.6 1.4 E 1.2 =3 D 0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.
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1'-1 wa 1wation 111to 1111cl YI In
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ct C) 1: 1 ý, c r- 00 kf) a c) t)b
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( hcqici Iii situ n Ito 1 ICI Oph\
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Cý, ýZlt]Oll 111to l! llCloDl)vLo
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n Sim Into Jlqý: loj! hyw be I Ith
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n wif Im iý ýI Im Ill to III 11ý
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hapler 5- In sill Iin vcstjý, a Ii
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ha In ýim ilm CS11,2anorl into --p
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'hapt in I'l II cl-w II rl I,, CHAP
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(, 11 a tý-c-t -) --0 operational
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( hdpir ( 1)ici iition in rlI]cIopl
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(--- 1)cI \ ai 1JI? )fl fl rfliL to
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Chapici 6 Dwl \ariatioriý, m biol-
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11c1j)ft () I )1 ai a in iiioiJIi t
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(-J Table 6.2: Sampling schedule Ye
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0 DI-cl (B) Sampling schedule March
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hajll(! l 0 \arij1jorv, -jn cc and
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CD C) CD 0 CD (D 000C, C> CD 0 LO N
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(D CD CD 000 06 0 C, C, 0 CD CD 00
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= - $: I. Ln -tj 03 9b 03 1=1 0 rq
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C> 00 (D CD- CD ci -02Q CD 2m -0 e
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0 co "' - (A) 90- 80- 70-- ý() z-
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C) (Z 0- cu to o .=Vý E5 C> 7ý 4.
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a C 0 N N >1 m R (D r _0 c cu I -X:
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- - 7-2.1 ': --. ... .......... _t.
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ii . p. -'I;? I Sediment surfau-ý
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E 75 E =L 7ý5 .. 0 1400 - 1200- 10
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E E LLI 24- 22- 20- 18- 16- 14- 12-
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PPFD lam CD s 03 0 -1Z) N V (-) 0 4
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0 Cl) I- 0 CD r4 cq ý2 9 CD co C)
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1'1 1' 1 1" 1" I 040 VA "0 o' U. MS
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( ldJ)t1 (I )i ii Predicted and mea
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( () primary productivity (mg C (mg
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significantly higher in the top 0-2
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Chapter 6 Diel variations in microp
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ohic hioiihn-, sediment surface, oc
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( () -I -- -- --- I---, - ---I, - -
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increasing PPFD; first an apparent
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Lj1)I ( i)icl dl ItR)fl Ii tfl)LI)J
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6---- - -- , --- -- ---- -- -Dicl h
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ý w pwr-- 111 I I- CHAPTERSEVEN k_
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vs, iioil--mi ratorv -,, bioiflins
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ato I-V Vý11,11011-111! the total
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E LZ -0 5 L4 ý7- 'ol r a- 0I 00 CM
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( hatei \1 'IcLtU1 S. iig a1or hiln
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cm E7 -*-Cover - Hole for probe Lid
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(A) rrr Uk Ilmol ms) Temperature Da
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C ulorv \ S. lloll-ml, ýrworv Nigh
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N-liý-, ralol v hiol-11111"', Tabl
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N1111 ý, ral ol-I -V--\ ". alorv -
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weeq 5upjr4es 6ulinp plalA eoueosaj
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( llaptcl- -; " -1 -I", ý -, l, '
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700 m (D ýo 0) 600 .2 03 U) 500 't
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('11a -, - Pl(ýT I--I-- ,t, III ý
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E -0 (ID 0 0 (ID 0 C 0 c-) -g H ,z
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ý'Ilap! c 7 MI oratory vs. nop-miu
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('haPltcT 7 -Migiatoiv \. -,. tion-
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( iaptl 121 alory s l1o1iiflldtory
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Hypothesis 5: NPQ will be highest a
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minimum and maximum fluorescence yi
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Cha )1(: r 'Vii--latorv ý-, -1 A I
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v vs. 11011-IT . ratory hiolilms -M
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Chapter 7 MiLlatorv v. ". lioll-lim
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Chapt(j 7 s, non-im ratory biot-ilm
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0 E H Cl. 0 -Izý "0 $n. -0 CA 7ý
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( 'llapt c I'll" - 11 - -11,1 1111-
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( llcpk'i_ ( rencral living on, as
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cral I )isctv, -, jon Hythe showed
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ý cKS -1-la-IM, -- (lencral Di-scu
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Cha ici 8 Oencral Di-scussion large
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Chaplet 8 I- I (-. Tciwr, al may th
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( liapRi - ( icnerl I )! ', tR)II D
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hapter ( cncra I )i ii in smaller t
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8.4. Summary -( ic w ra 11, ) ISC L
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9) LTS-EM analysis provided evidenc
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9. Reference List PA , )ý ý, 1j,
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photosynthesis and chlorophyll in t
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Fauvel, P. and Bohn, G. (1907). Le
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Blackwell scientific publications,
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Kilhl, M., Glud, R. N., Ploug, H. a
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Palmer, J. D. and Round, F. E. (196
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Pinckney, J., Piceno, Y. and Lovell
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Ser6dio, J., Marques da Silva, J. a
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Wessels, N. K. and Hopson, J. L. (1
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Mireille Consalvey PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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