Mireille Consalvey PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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CHAPTER TWO MATERIALS AND METHODS Lincl N'Ictho(k
( 1ý lv-ý ý12, -) -, - -- - -- - -- -- -- ---- ---- -- - --- ---- -- -, - --- ----- -- --- -- -,, ---- ------ -- --- 1- 11 %, IýII klý IIa Is Jý)0ýI"(f1ý)ý 11 , 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study sites 2.1.1. The Eden Estuary The Eden Estuary, Scotland (U. K. ) (56'22'N, 02'5 I'W; Figure 2.1) has a total area 10.41 kM2 and an intertidal mudflat area of 9.37 kM2 (Davidson and Buck 1997) which experiences on average a 3.7 m tidal range. The Estuary has a low turbidity (Perkins 1960) and the sediment surface is often visible under several in of water (pers. obs). It is a local and national nature reserve and a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), attracting thousands of wading birds as well as ducks and geese as a winter feeding ground. The sampling work was carried out on the North Shore, located beside the Guardbndge Paper Mill. The algal community of the Eden Estuary is dominated by diatoms and the macro-alga Enteromorpha but patches of cyanobactena are also visible. 2.1.2. The Tay Estuary The Tay Estuary, Scotland (U. K. ) (56'27'N 03'04'W; Figure 2.1) is a large Estuary (122 kM2) which experiences a mean tidal range of 4.3m. Large areas of mudflat and sand bank are exposed at low tide. The sampling work was carried out at Kingoodie on the North Shore, a site that was diatom dominated. 41
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42 =>
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Table of Contents Declaration ii Ac
Page 5 and 6: 4 Laboratory investigation into mic
Page 7 and 8: temperatures on fluorescence parame
Page 9 and 10: always been real sweeties. Also tha
Page 11 and 12: Chl Chlorophyll Chl a Chlorophyll a
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER ONE GENERAL INTRODUCTION Wo
Page 15 and 16: (, 'I, I 1)CI ii I lU RH araphid (n
Page 17 and 18: dpl. II (I c I) cIq 111 I-Itro-ducJ
Page 19 and 20: c 11 cIa 11 (T-oduct-Ioll integrate
Page 21 and 22: ( lapRl Wilclul IfInOdik 11011 impo
Page 23 and 24: Chdpt(1111 1. -, -- I--, -- -- I, -
Page 25 and 26: (-Jlaptýýr j( rcllcj-ý11 ý: - o
Page 27 and 28: 1.3.2. The Photosynthetic carbon re
Page 29 and 30: ( CflCI iii I TI )dU( t Zingmark 19
Page 31 and 32: ( lidptLI ( ft fln JI flU UII Di wh
Page 33 and 34: Cha ter I (iclicl-al IntroiftwOoll
Page 35 and 36: whilst cells minimise their exposur
Page 37 and 38: 1. Pigments Introduction Chlorophyl
Page 39 and 40: Spectral reflectance studies examin
Page 41 and 42: (-'Ilaptcýr J, I, -, --, --, --, -
Page 43 and 44: ( anci JII )tI( )(Jtk IO) which buf
Page 45 and 46: ( ! p1'1 -- -1 -ý T-( ý 1)era J-1
Page 47 and 48: Uh Temporal changes in the microsca
Page 49 and 50: (I (rcI IpuiE't, cells as they emer
Page 51 and 52: ( hap'wv -1 ( ýI II ntrodt 1ý t I
Page 53 and 54: ( hapi"T 1 11 1- 11 1- ---- -- -- 1
Page 55: (A lal )te II- iý; 11 11 1 1- IIIJ
Page 59 and 60: 2.1.3. The Colne Estuary "VIt"utc-1
Page 61 and 62: (I --- -- "I'l- I -11-1--l- -I--"--
Page 63 and 64: E I I Uneven surface topography ma]
Page 65 and 66: 2.4. Wet bulk density (Equation 2.2
Page 67 and 68: ('liapti 2- 2.5.4. Cell identificat
Page 69 and 70: ( hapt )- acetone and DMF do not di
Page 71 and 72: Chapter 2 Materials and Nlethocts P
Page 73 and 74: Prior to a run all solvents were ge
Page 75 and 76: (h1ft 'ý, I (I ', tý7! ýI)iI"Iý
Page 77 and 78: QLapteLi2 2.6.6. Troubleshooting th
Page 79 and 80: ---- ------ at 486.5 nm on a Cecil
Page 81 and 82: Figure 2.10. A) The fibre optic mea
Page 83 and 84: tcl -1 Materials jnd 'Mclho(k attac
Page 85 and 86: Chapt r2 Materials mid Methods A hi
Page 87 and 88: 2 2.9.2. Fluorescence parameters Fl
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER THREE ! i()fi1I1I 1]lILli\L
Page 91 and 92: - -I ii-ofj) II 1- 1-() 111 llatim
Page 94 and 95: Biofilill follllýltioll ailki de,
Page 96 and 97: I Fresh sea water 0 inflow Petri di
Page 98 and 99: " V. 74ý IkIftill AV Ali 4ft llý
Page 100 and 101: CD 70 60 50 40 30 20 02468 10 12 14
Page 102 and 103: 'I) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
Page 104 and 105: Aiil- . -, ý'. 4 ý.. , lo "CJ U r
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70 65 60 55 50 -m 45 0 C) cu E 40 3
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3.1. There was a significant differ
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(F5,12ý1.48, p=O. 266). The colloi
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ý-Jofilj I I,, Corn I, atio IIoIId
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100- 80- 60- 40- 20- 01 0 100-1 80
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6) 5 4 3 2 I 01111 40 45 50 55 7- 6
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llaptýýl 3 Riof-11111 f6l matioll
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C, ý E z 6 5- 4 3- 6- 2- 5- _0 4-
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13i(, )flllll f'ormatioll alld (]C\
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Colloidal carbohydrates 13iof-11111
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- ------ J i of -11 d 11 -i dd and
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! )f]llfl 101 IfliltIoll l1l(l1l de
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The presence of grazers in the fiel
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Table 3.4: Correlative relationship
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I. ahoratory investiLalion iln-lo-
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Chapici 4 Laborator\ hivest' jgauml
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11 tei 41 ahora ao I% tigallon -- i
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"' 0 . C13 CIS m 1 1 ; -10 --1 5 -0
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u r . mu tu Q) Q) P. Q) C) 2 ý- ý
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liapiý,, i 4 iilvý: Ajt III()[) l
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. ..... ..... kihorator wo Inicrol)
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Water level 00 High tide Low 10 tid
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Chapter 4 4.2.4. Pigment determinat
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IIa lit ei--" -aborutorv II III to,
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LO (n CD 0 140 120 100 80 =3 i; --
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C: 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 .2o. o4 0 co
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0.88 0.86 LO Eý 0.84 LLý 0.82 0.8
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-C 100 200 300 400 500 PPFD (ý, mo
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( li-, tp-lci 4_-, -- -, -1, aho_r
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C: E 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 2 c:: 0.4 (D c
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0.90 E 0.88 U- Li 0.86 0.84 Low tid
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-. 1-Aho-ratory i 11-1ý1, -Clýtj
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0 CL (D Cl) 0 CL x 0 w -0 21 G) cm
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Rates of change (Eden April) 1) Ove
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liapl, cr 4 1.. ahoray III%: (, 1:
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0.82 'ý' 0.81 LL. . 2) 0.80 0.79 0
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ce Cd -a gý- -+ Um (n " -C. , m CI
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( hapt I ahorator u on ns1r / in wa
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(11ýqjtý2i 4 I. abon'tiolvimc, .
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J-1a Ii 1--c i oll Itil'o tll'! rw
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( ! q)1 II CtRdtIO(I Ito flhII 01)h
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In ýiw mw Ll->illýg CHAPTER FIVE
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%im illvestiLalion into micronfivto
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( /11 /Iu The following day the tan
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Figure 5.2: (A) Experimental set-up
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f- Ii 7-f .r- 1« Figure 5.3: (A) T
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Table 5.5: Sampling schedules in si
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Changes in Fluorescence parameters
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5.3.2. Colne Estuary (U. K. ) Day 1
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hi . ýilll jtlvý: SliLatiorl lilt
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0 0- 0- C 0) 0- 2000 1500 )6 42 c:
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ýifu ilivcSit'. 'alion ilito 1111c
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5.3.3. Eden Estuary (U. K. ) Physic
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300- 275- 250- 225- c 200- 0 :3 = 1
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1.6 1.4 E 1.2 =3 D 0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.
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1'-1 wa 1wation 111to 1111cl YI In
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ct C) 1: 1 ý, c r- 00 kf) a c) t)b
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( hcqici Iii situ n Ito 1 ICI Oph\
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Cý, ýZlt]Oll 111to l! llCloDl)vLo
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n Sim Into Jlqý: loj! hyw be I Ith
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n wif Im iý ýI Im Ill to III 11ý
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hapler 5- In sill Iin vcstjý, a Ii
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ha In ýim ilm CS11,2anorl into --p
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'hapt in I'l II cl-w II rl I,, CHAP
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(, 11 a tý-c-t -) --0 operational
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( hdpir ( 1)ici iition in rlI]cIopl
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(--- 1)cI \ ai 1JI? )fl fl rfliL to
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Chapici 6 Dwl \ariatioriý, m biol-
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11c1j)ft () I )1 ai a in iiioiJIi t
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(-J Table 6.2: Sampling schedule Ye
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0 DI-cl (B) Sampling schedule March
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hajll(! l 0 \arij1jorv, -jn cc and
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CD C) CD 0 CD (D 000C, C> CD 0 LO N
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(D CD CD 000 06 0 C, C, 0 CD CD 00
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= - $: I. Ln -tj 03 9b 03 1=1 0 rq
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C> 00 (D CD- CD ci -02Q CD 2m -0 e
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0 co "' - (A) 90- 80- 70-- ý() z-
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C) (Z 0- cu to o .=Vý E5 C> 7ý 4.
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a C 0 N N >1 m R (D r _0 c cu I -X:
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- - 7-2.1 ': --. ... .......... _t.
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ii . p. -'I;? I Sediment surfau-ý
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E 75 E =L 7ý5 .. 0 1400 - 1200- 10
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E E LLI 24- 22- 20- 18- 16- 14- 12-
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PPFD lam CD s 03 0 -1Z) N V (-) 0 4
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0 Cl) I- 0 CD r4 cq ý2 9 CD co C)
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1'1 1' 1 1" 1" I 040 VA "0 o' U. MS
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( ldJ)t1 (I )i ii Predicted and mea
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( () primary productivity (mg C (mg
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significantly higher in the top 0-2
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Chapter 6 Diel variations in microp
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ohic hioiihn-, sediment surface, oc
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( () -I -- -- --- I---, - ---I, - -
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increasing PPFD; first an apparent
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Lj1)I ( i)icl dl ItR)fl Ii tfl)LI)J
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6---- - -- , --- -- ---- -- -Dicl h
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ý w pwr-- 111 I I- CHAPTERSEVEN k_
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vs, iioil--mi ratorv -,, bioiflins
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ato I-V Vý11,11011-111! the total
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E LZ -0 5 L4 ý7- 'ol r a- 0I 00 CM
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( hatei \1 'IcLtU1 S. iig a1or hiln
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cm E7 -*-Cover - Hole for probe Lid
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(A) rrr Uk Ilmol ms) Temperature Da
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C ulorv \ S. lloll-ml, ýrworv Nigh
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N-liý-, ralol v hiol-11111"', Tabl
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N1111 ý, ral ol-I -V--\ ". alorv -
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weeq 5upjr4es 6ulinp plalA eoueosaj
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( llaptcl- -; " -1 -I", ý -, l, '
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700 m (D ýo 0) 600 .2 03 U) 500 't
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('11a -, - Pl(ýT I--I-- ,t, III ý
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E -0 (ID 0 0 (ID 0 C 0 c-) -g H ,z
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ý'Ilap! c 7 MI oratory vs. nop-miu
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('haPltcT 7 -Migiatoiv \. -,. tion-
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( iaptl 121 alory s l1o1iiflldtory
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Hypothesis 5: NPQ will be highest a
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minimum and maximum fluorescence yi
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Cha )1(: r 'Vii--latorv ý-, -1 A I
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v vs. 11011-IT . ratory hiolilms -M
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Chapter 7 MiLlatorv v. ". lioll-lim
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Chapt(j 7 s, non-im ratory biot-ilm
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0 E H Cl. 0 -Izý "0 $n. -0 CA 7ý
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( 'llapt c I'll" - 11 - -11,1 1111-
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( llcpk'i_ ( rencral living on, as
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cral I )isctv, -, jon Hythe showed
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ý cKS -1-la-IM, -- (lencral Di-scu
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Cha ici 8 Oencral Di-scussion large
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Chaplet 8 I- I (-. Tciwr, al may th
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( liapRi - ( icnerl I )! ', tR)II D
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hapter ( cncra I )i ii in smaller t
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8.4. Summary -( ic w ra 11, ) ISC L
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9) LTS-EM analysis provided evidenc
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9. Reference List PA , )ý ý, 1j,
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photosynthesis and chlorophyll in t
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Fauvel, P. and Bohn, G. (1907). Le
Page 373 and 374:
Blackwell scientific publications,
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Kilhl, M., Glud, R. N., Ploug, H. a
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Palmer, J. D. and Round, F. E. (196
Page 379 and 380:
Pinckney, J., Piceno, Y. and Lovell
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Ser6dio, J., Marques da Silva, J. a
Page 383 and 384:
Wessels, N. K. and Hopson, J. L. (1
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Mireille Consalvey PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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