Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian

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The next stage seen in the fourth term for wheel/chariot is marked by the absence of Greek and by the beginning of the dialectal dispersal of some groups like Balto-Slavic (with clear Eastern Baltic innovation opposed to an archaism preserved in Western Baltic and Slavic as marginal dialects). To this period the name for hub may belong: Old Indian Vedic nâbhi “nave of a wheel; navel”, nâbhyam “nave of a wheel”, Sinhalese saknäba “hub” < *cakra-nâbhi “nave of a wheel”, Old Prussian nabis “nave of a wheel, navel”, Old English nafu, nafa “hub of a wheel” (nafogar “auger” < *nabô-gaizaz “tool for piercing wheel hubs”), Old Icelandic no1’f, Old High German naba (the transfer of the names for parts of the body to denote parts of the wheel or carriage is characteristic of different Indo-European traditions, see above on Ossetic 379 ). Greek has another term probably derived from *k w el-(H)- (see above on Mycenaean qe-re-me-ne-u). Dialects that do not participate in the isoglosses of this chronological level have their own original words. An interesting “Scythian-European” dialectal term that spread in Eastern Iranian, Albanian, Balto-Slavic and Germanic may be seen in Ossetic fsondz “yoke” (fs- < *sf- < *sp-), Albanian pendE “pair of yoked oxen”, Latvian spanda “a rope to bind a plough to the yoke”, Old High German spannan “to stretch” (German Ge- spann “team, couple”), Old English spinel “spindle”. 380 Ossetic stî/evdz(ae) “vertical pivot connecting a yoke to the thill” is supposed to have entered a similar isogloss, since comparable technical terms are found in Baltic, Slavic (Russian spica “spoke”), Germanic and Latin 381 , but only some of these words are specialized in meanings related to vehicles. To the period of separate dialectal migrations of some Western Indo-European dialects belong such local isoglosses as the word common to Italic (Latin currus) and Celtic (Old Irish carr, Gaulish carros > Latin carrus “four-wheeled chariot”) but known 378 Benveniste 1964, but cf. Dzhaukian 1982, 136. 379 Abaev 1973, II, 149, suggested that the Indo-European term for “navel” had been borrowed into Western Caucasian, but for a different explanation of these words see: Nikolayev and Starostin 1994, 306. On Old Prussian as an archaism cf. Eckert 1995, 53. 380 Abaev 1958, I, 485; 1965, 9-11; Delamarre 1984, 123. 381 Abaev 1979, III, 152; Delamarre, ib.
also to a certain satPm dialect (probably of a Paleobalkanic Thracian or Southern Anatolian type) from which the gloss sãrsai: ëmajai derives. 382 The appearance of the fifth name for vehicle/road we/ort-on- (> Avestan vâÍa “vehicle”, Western Iranian Parthian wardyûn “chariot; vehicle”, Eastern Iranian Sogdian wrtn “chariot”, Ossetic waerdon “cart”, Mesopotamian Aryan wartanna “circular track for training horses”) 383 could be assigned to a period of the separate development of Indo-Iranian. The term from the ancient Alan dialect was borrowed into Nakh (Chechen varda[n], Ingush vorda “cart”), Lak (warda “two-wheeled cart”) and Abkhaz-Abaza (Abkhaz a-wardPn “cart”, Abaza wandPr < wardPn “cart”). 384 Some of the Indo-Aryan terms, correspondences to which in the other dialects are not clear, may be considered either innovations of the last period or archaic survivals (e.g. Old Indian Vedic ará- “spoke of a wheel”, Panjabi ar “one of the crosspieces in a cart- wheel”, Oriya ara “felloe of a wheel” 385 ). Among verbs related to vehicles and horses, the prototype of Old Indian Vedic abhi dhâ- “to harness, to yoke”, abhidhânî- “halter”, Avestan zaranyô.aiwidâna “having a golden rein” (in a long series of epithets for a horse: Yt. VIII. 18)—cf. Ossetic zaerîn + (w)idon/jidonae “rein(s)”, widadz “bridle”; Khotanese Saka byâna- “rein”, Pamirian Sarykol widân, Yidga awlân “rein” 386 —can be referred to Proto-Indo-Iranian. 382 Porzig 1954; Ernout and Meillet 1994, 102, 160. 383 Abaev 1989, IV, 92; Gamkrelidze and Ivanov 1984/1995, 465, 623. 384 Abaev unpublished, 335-336; 1989, IV, 92. As Abaev has suggested, the borrowing of these terms shows that wheeled vehicles were introduced into the Caucasus by Alanian invaders. This fact demonstrates that the borrowing of another term for “wheel/wheeled chariot” (possibly of another more archaic type) cognate to Hittite hurki- “wheel”, which went in the opposite direction, should have occurred before the speakers of Proto-Northern Caucasian had come to the Caucasus from more Southern areas (according to Starostin’s suggestion, see above). To a much later period belong such Northern Caucasian borrowings in Ossetic as g oyffae “body of a cart” from Kabardinian gufä “thill”, Abaev 1958, I, 529. 385 This term, which enters some widely spread compounds (Old Indian araghatta- “wheel for raising water”, nemiyâra- “felloe-spoke”), might originally have had some connection to the stem of Ossetic ar “thill” (see above). 386 Bartholomae 1979, Reichelt 1978, 395, 503; Abaev 1989, IV, 107 (with a discussion on the phonetically irregular correspondence of the closely related Avestan and Ossetic terms).
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Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian

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