Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian

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Proto-Yenisseyan and Proto-Indo-European terms for horse (see above) is particularly important. The Indo-European proto-language had a general term for taming or domesticating animals and raping women, from which several dialectal names for oxen are derived 402 ; this might be a sign of a more ancient period. In some traditions, particularly in Homeric Greek, the root (as in flppÒ-damow “horse-taming” of the Trojans 403 ) can be applied to the taming of horses, but the linguistic evidence is less promising than with respect to the earlier sphere of cattle-breeding. The acquaintance with the domesticated horse can be considered as roughly contemporaneous with the end of the common Proto-Indo-European period. It seems reasonable to find in the distribution of words connected to this field of activity, particularly the distribution of names for vehicles and their parts, traces of those migrations accomplished by means of these new technological devices. Among the Hurrian terms related to vehicles and rotary motion, Hurrian tiyari- (t-) “spindle, chariot” seems particularly interesting. The first meaning is attested in the Ras Shamra vocabulary (R quadr. 137 II 22): Hurrian te-a-ri = Sumerian SUM.BAL = Akkadian PILAKKU = Ugaritic pilakku “spindle”. There are several places in Hurrian rituals where the word ti-ya-ri-ta can be translated as “spindle” (or something similar), such as in a Bo azköy list of objects where it is mentioned after a ladder; a borrowed Luwian noun probably had the same meaning. 404 But at two places in the Hittite translation of the Hurrian epic song of Ullikummi, the meaning “military chariot, wheeled vehicle” is evident. A description of a battle includes the lines: D U-aÍ-kán ti- ya-ri-da-aÍ Ía-ra-a ga-aÍ-ga-aÍ-ti-pa!-aÍ ma-a-an wa-at-ku-ut “the God of Thunder (= Teshop) jumped up on the chariot as when it goes up from the royal palace gate” (KUB 402 Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, ib., 403-4, n.23; 491. 403 Bearing in mind the legend of the Etruscans’ Trojan origins, the Etruscan term dãmnow “horse” (Pallottino 1980, 429) seems intriguing. On the meaning of the Indo-European root, cf. Benveniste 1955; it seems possible that it referred to a more cruel and primitive type of domestication. 404 I Bo T II 129 Vs. 5, Haas and Wilhelm 1974, 178; Starke 1990, 219.
XXX III 106 21). 405 In a damaged passage in the beginning of the same description (ib. 3- 7), a logographic denotation of a military chariot is used twice in the same context (with the same verbs); after its second use, the word ti-ya-ri-ta appears before the verb ni- ni-in-ki-iÍ[-ki-iz-zi] “he is winding up”, which should refer to the yoke or the horse team. Hurrian tiyarit “spindle, chariot” is cognate with Western Northern Caucasian *t:arPdP > Proto-Abkhaz-Tapant *darPdP > Abkhaz (a)-dardP “spindle” (Bzyb dialect a- dPrdP), Abaza dadPr-; the Eastern Northern Caucasian forms (*tîrungV “spindle” > Dargwa *duruk > durug, Lezghian *tinug > Archi tung “spindle’s pivot”), though comparable to Indo-European *tork w - “spindle” 406 , are definitely far from the Hurrian word. In this rare case, the Hurrian form coincides with the Western Caucasian and not with the Eastern one. The Hurrian and Western Caucasian words (in which the second *-d- might be due to assimilation) may also suggest parallels in Greek troxÒw “wheel, potter’s wheel”, Armenian durgn “potter’s wheel”, Genitive drgan < *dhrôgh-; Old Irish drogh “wheel”. 407 It seems that when the idea of rotary motion was discovered, its early technological applications, as well as corresponding terms, spread among the Indo-Europeans and their neighbors who spoke Northern Caucasian dialects; the form may show a relatively later dialectal level of borrowing. 405 The word for palace gate kaÍkaÍtipa- (from Hattic, cf. Hattic aÍka- “gate”, Ivanov 1985, 43) was written with the wrong sign (-ya- instead of -pa-, which both contain similar parallel horizontal cuneiform lines), probably a scribal error. The whole section dealing with this passage in Starke 1990, 219-220, is wrong, since the meaning of the word is known and is not a hapax. For a text describing the appearance of a royal vehicle (ßuluganni-) coming from the palace gate (kaÍkaÍtipa-), see: I Bo T I 36 I 8, 67; II 26-28; IV 27, Jakob-Rost 1965, 182-184; Ardzinba 1982, 143, 147, 219, n.191; Alp 1983, 106-11. Starke’s remark on the chariot of Teshop is correct but should be applied directly to the text (without the unnecessarily complicated metaphorical scheme). 406 On this comparison and on Northern Caucasian, see: Starostin 1985, 85-86, 89; Nikolayev and Starostin 1994, 993. According to Abaev 1949, 313; 1989, 65, the Abkhazian word is derived from Ossetic waerdaert(t) “a heavy ring put on the spindle to make it stable” < *vartaEra- “rotating instrument” (cf. Yagnobi watra “mini-spindle”). If it is an old borrowing in Hurrian like the word for fire (see above), the source should be Proto-Iranian, and the change due to the reshaping of the beginning of the word has to be ascribed to Proto-Western Caucasian, making this hypothesis tenuous. 407 On the Indo-European word, see Adams and Mallory 1997, 640-641.
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Comparative <stron
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a-ri “the right sinew = the right
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this god and eaten by the whole fam
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As discovered by Laroche, according
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have drawn your chief strength from
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domesticated in this large area, ac
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where horses are designated by a Su
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Hittite translation uses the verbal
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in this Southern area. Among the fo
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dialects including Luwian (the Hitt
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Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian

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