Journal - Comune di Monteleone di Spoleto

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14. emiliozzi 1992, p. 102, fig. 21; emiliozzi 1997a, p. 97, fig. 2;
Camerin and emiliozzi 1997, no. 25 (with bibliography). The chariot
has not yet been reconstructed either physically or graphically,
although i have examined all the remains, and the type of rails
used is clear.
15. Thus far eight type a chariots other than the one from monteleone
have been reconstructed, either physically or graphically. Four
were exhibited in the three venues of the exhibition “Carri da
guerra e principi etruschi”; see emiliozzi 1997, pp. 139ff. (from
Vulci), 155ff. (from Populonia), 203ff. (from Castro), and 207ff.
(from Castel San mariano). i reconstructed the example from
narce that is now on display at the museo nazionale etrusco di
Villa Giulia in rome (Camerin and emiliozzi 1997, no. 203; an
unlikely wheel that was not properly checked in the reconstruction
is illustrated correctly in the explanatory panel i edited and
published in de lucia 1998, pp. 34 – 35, fig. 48). The other three
are from Vetulonia (Cygielman and Pagnini 2006, pp. 34 – 44,
figs. 9, 10), matelica (de marinis and Palermo 2008), and Capua
(the dutuit chariot; see emiliozzi 2006). of type B chariots only
the example from the Via appia antica in rome has been physically
reconstructed (emiliozzi 1997, pp. 191ff.).
16. The ear-loop side rails seem also to have been present during the
etruscan orientalizing period, in the chariot from the regolini
Galassi Tomb at Cerveteri (Camerin and emiliozzi 1997, no. 103),
which is now being studied so that it can be reconstructed both
graphically and physically, and perhaps also in the one from the
Bernardini Tomb at Praeneste (emiliozzi 1992, p. 102). For the
archaic period we need only cite the chariot from the Via appia
antica outside rome (see note 15 above) and the contemporary
representation in relief with incision on the proper left side panel
of the chariot from monteleone di Spoleto (cat. 4, Figures V.30,
V.32, and especially i.25).
17. emiliozzi 1996b and 1997a, p. 96, fig. 1.
18. For the war chariot from Populonia, see emiliozzi 1997c, figs. 4, 5,
pl. Vi; for the Capua vehicle, see Camerin and emiliozzi 1997,
no. 11 (with bibliography), and emiliozzi 2006. among the representations,
the stele from the Certosa of Bologna (Sprenger and
Bartoloni 1977, fig. 206) is eloquent of the persistence over time of
the use of leather straps when the chariot box was composed only
of wood and leather.
19. See note 15 above. For the Vulci chariot, see especially emiliozzi
1997b, figs. 13, 16, pl. iii.
20. For examples, see Winter 2009, nos. 5.d.2.a,c, 5.d.3.a,c, and
Figure ii.16. i have deliberately excluded from consideration here
the racing chariots known from representations (see Bronson
1965, Jannot 1984, and decker 1991), although in these cases,
too, the side rails did not serve as handrails because the driver
balanced himself by leaning his knees against the front panel.
21. on the chariot represented on the etruscan hydria in the museum
of Fine arts in Boston (01.8062; Fairbanks 1928, no. 573), which has
been associated with the style of the micali Painter by Spivey (1987,
p. 31), this part is made of a bent branch. in other representations
it either has the same form found on the excavated vehicles or is
absent (although in those cases we cannot be sure if it was actually
missing or if the artist omitted it to simplify the representation).
22. representations of racing chariots do not appear in italy until the
beginning of the third quarter of the sixth century B.C. (see
Bronson 1965 and Stary 1980). The closest comparisons with
parade chariots can be found in terracotta friezes; see Winter
2009, pp. 353ff. (590 – 520 B.C.).
23. Clear syntheses of etruscan and roman social history from the
sixth century B.C. are offered by Torelli 1981b, pp. 139 – 81,
Colonna 1985, and menichetti 2000.
24. emiliozzi 2006.
25. For the near east and egypt, see littauer and Crouwel 1979,
pp. 50ff., 62ff., 74ff., 101ff., 144ff.; 1985, especially pp. 67ff.; and
1997 (synthesis). For Cyprus, see Crouwel 1987. For Greece, see
Spruytte 1978 (the results of his experiments with harness systems)
and Crouwel 1992. reconstructions to date of etruscan-italic chariots
(see note 15 above) demonstrate that the same system was adopted.
26. emiliozzi 1997b and 1997c. The reconstructions do not reproduce
the leather thongs that were certainly used to reinforce the mortise
joints at the front of the floor frame.
27. emiliozzi 1997b, pl. V.1. The principle is the same in egyptian chariots;
see littauer and Crouwel 1985, especially p. 67, no. 3,
pl. lXiX bottom (chariot from the Tomb of Yuia and Tuiu), and
Spruytte 1983, pp. 24 – 40 (the results of his experiments).
28. These sheets have not been published. Stopponi Simonetta provided
information about them and showed images of them during
her presentation on april 9, 2010, on the tenth season of excavations
at Campo della Fiera at orvieto.
29. emiliozzi 1997, p. 296, no. 9 (mistakenly counted among the
bronze sheets from the chariot box). That it came from a chariot
became clear to me after examining in 1998 and reexamining in
2005 the remains of the two vehicles now in the ny Carlsberg
Glyptotek in Copenhagen.
30. in addition to the monteleone chariot, see the ones from the Via
appia antica in rome (emiliozzi 1997e) and Castel San mariano
(emiliozzi 1997f).
31. The shock-absorbing system is clearly visible in Crouwel 2010, figs
a – d (chariots on terracotta plaques), and Höckmann 1982, pl. 30
(left side of the image; the example from Castel San mariano). This
feature was not understood and thus not included in the drawing
Höckmann published as fig. 25 on p. 43.
32. For examples of metal rings, see emiliozzi 1997a, figs. 1 (see also
emiliozzi 1996b and Figure ii.12) and 4 (see also de lucia 1998).
The following finds are similar to these: Camerin and emiliozzi
1997, nos. 21, 28, 58, 130, 143, 146, 166, 189(?), 203, 208, 212, 255.
For examples of pegs, see emiliozzi 1997c, pp. 165ff., figs. 4, 5,
pl. Vi (Populonia, Tumolo dei Carri; see Figure ii.13). The following
bronze finials have a function similar to these pegs: Camerin and
emiliozzi 1997, nos. 24, 172, 198, 227, 238, 241, 242, 244, 245.
33. This system is similar to that of the Greek four-horse teams that
were the subject of Spruytte’s 1978 experiments. See also Crouwel
1992, p. 14, fig. 1. in this figure, once the traces pass through the
leather hoops and enter the chariot car they are tied to the ends of
the side rails. on p. 44n181 Crouwel corrects the reconstruction
proposed by Spruytte in 1983, ill. pp. 62 – 63.
34. Colonna 1997, p. 17, fig. 2; Winter 2009, pp. 288 – 92, no. 4.d.8.g
(where the traces are mistakenly interpreted as a second pole
extending from the front of the chariot).
35. Winter 2009, nos. 5.d.1.e,f; 5.d.2.a – d; 5.d.3.a – d.
36. For scenes that contain chariots, see Winter 2009. etruscan cities:
acquarossa (nos. 4.d.4.a – d), Caere (nos. 4.d.7.a, 4.d.8.g, 6.d.1.a),
Castel d’asso (no. 4.d.4.b), Castellina del marangone (nos. 4.d.4.a,c),
orvieto (nos. 5.d.1.b,f; 5.d.5.c), Poggio Buco (nos. 4.d.5.a,b),
Pyrgi (no. 4.d.8.g), rusellae (nos. 4.d.4.a,c; 5.d.1.f; 5.d.4.a;
5.d.5.c), Tarquinia (nos. 4.d.4.a; 4.d.6.b,d; 4.d.8.b,c; 5.d.4.b;
5.d.5.d,e), Tuscania (nos. 4.d.4.a,c; 4.d.6.a,c; 4.d.6.d?), Veii
(nos. 4.d.1.a,b; 4.d.2.a,b; 4.d.2.c – e; 5.a.1.a; 5.d.2.a,c), and Vulci
(no. 4.d.5.a). latin cities: Caprifico, Cisterna (nos. 5.d.1.b,e,f;
5.d.3.b,d), Ficana (no. 4.d.4.e), Palestrina (nos. 5.a.3.b; 5.d.1.a),
roma (nos. 5.a.1.f; 5.d.1.a,e,f; 5.d.2.a,c,d; 5.d.3.a,c), Satricum
(no. 6.d.1.a), and Velletri (nos. 5.d.1.a; 5.d.2.a – c; 5.d.3.a).
37. “Wagendarstellungen” in Woytowitsch 1978, pp. 80 – 107, offers a
list of representations of this material; it will soon be superseded
by the forthcoming Chariots and Other Wheeled Vehicles in Italy
before the Roman Empire, by Joost Crouwel. objects with narrative
scenes, some of them mythological, dated between the late
seventh and the first half of the sixth century B.C. include two
amphorae from Trevignano (Colonna 1985, p. 245, no. 9.3, ills.
p. 247); an etruscan-Corinthian oinochoe (Szilágyi 1992, p. 122,