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2 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY thing like an orderly system of classification. Such a system based upon natural resemblances is called a "natural system." Types represent general plans of structure. A Class is formed by special modification of a type. Classes re- sembling each other are called Series. An Order is a group of the same class, related by a common structure. A Family is a group of the same order, related by a common structure. A Genus is a still smaller group having the same essential- structure. A Species is the smallest group whose structure is constant. An Individual is a unit of organic life, forming a complete animate existence. A Variety is a peculiarity of Race. Races and varieties are both sub-divisions of species. A Hybrid is a cross-breed of two varieties or species, rarely of two genera. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM The two great sub-divisions of the vegetable kingdom are: Phanerogams or flowering plants and Cryptogams or flowerless plants. The Phanerogams are further divided into: Angiosperms, characterized by having their seeds enclosed within a box-like covering. Gymnosperms, which have their seeds borne naked. (They are polycotyledonous.) The Angiosperms are classified according to the number of their cotyledons, or seed leaves in the embryo, into Monocotyledonous plants, which have one cotyledon, as Indian Corn and Ginger, and Dicotyledonous plants, which have two cotyledons, as Burdock, and Ipecacuanha. VEGETABLE CYSTOLOGY CELLULAR STRUCTURE The bodies of all plants are made up of one or more units of structure called cells. '
PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 3 A cell is a mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus. Protoplasm is the more or less semi-fluid, viscid, foamy, and granular substance in which life resides. It is the "physical basis of life." Vegetable cells generally have cell walls of cellulose surrounding the living protoplasm of the cell (protoplast). Cells divide to form tissues. Protoplasmic Cell Contents Protoplasm consists of four well-differentiated portions (a) Cytoplasm, or the foamy, often granular matrix of protoplasm outside of the nucleus. Vacuole Passive bodies (metaplasmor paraplasm) suspended in the cytoplasmicmeshwork Fig. I.—Diagram of a cell. {From Hegner's Zoology, after Wilson, published by the Macmillan Co.) (b) Nucleus or Nuclearplasm, a denser region of protoplasm containing chromatin, a substance staining heavily with certain basic dyes. (c) Nucleolus, a small body of dense protoplasm within the nucleus. (d) Plastids, composed of plastid plasm, small discoid bodies scat- tered about in the cytoplasm. Sometimes, as in the cells of lower plants like the Spirogyra, plastids are large and are then called chromatophores.
Page 2 and 3: ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL U
Page 4 and 5: The original of this book is in the
Page 6 and 7: upper Iris Diaphragm Substage Ring
Page 8 and 9: (3K Copyright, 1914, by P. Blakisto
Page 11: FOREWORD In a monograph entitled "A
Page 14 and 15: X CONTENTS Pages Plant Hairs or Tei
Page 17: TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
Page 21 and 22: PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES A tissu
Page 23 and 24: WOODY FIBERS ill
Page 25 and 26: MEDULLARY RAYS 9 Tracheary tissue c
Page 27 and 28: ACORUS CALAMUS Fig. 8.—Transverse
Page 29 and 30: ITBEOVASCULAR BUNDLES 13 Fibrovascu
Page 31 and 32: THE ROOT 15 The ripened seed is the
Page 33 and 34: ROOT HISTOLOGY 17 2. Biennial plant
Page 35 and 36: THE BUD 19 flattened out. The peric
Page 37 and 38: (2) Periblem, forming the cortex; a
Page 39 and 40: HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23
Page 41 and 42: PERENNIAL DICOTYL STEM 25 Growth of
Page 43 and 44: LENTICELS AND THEIR FORMATION 27 Le
Page 45 and 46: PLANT HAIES 29 Periderm.— -Peride
Page 47 and 48: THE LEAF 31 The leaf of the Tulip P
Page 49 and 50: MARGIN OP LEAF 33 AcEROSE or ACICUL
Page 51 and 52: DURATION OF LEAVES 35 Glabrous, whe
Page 53 and 54: VERNATION 37 Oak and Willow, etc. A
Page 55 and 56: A VEETICILLASTER 39 Corymb, a short
Page 57 and 58: THE FLOWER 41 as in Clematis. In th
Page 59 and 60: THE COROLLA 43 different forms of c
Page 61 and 62: THE STAMEN SYSTEM 45 When few in nu
Page 63 and 64: THE PLACENTA 47 Compound Pistils ar
Page 65 and 66: FERTILIZATION 49 liantly colored co
Page 67 and 68: CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS 5 Where th
Page 69 and 70:
THE SEED 53 The Berry is fleshy fru
Page 71 and 72:
FORMATION OF ALBUMEN 55 Ezalhuminou
Page 73 and 74:
NOTES
Page 75 and 76:
NOTES
Page 77 and 78:
APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL COLONIES 57
Page 79 and 80:
ALGA-LIKE FUNGI 59 water and are of
Page 81 and 82:
THE SAC FUNGI 6 Order 3. Peronospor
Page 83 and 84:
THE LICHENS 63 Sub-class B.— Auto
Page 85 and 86:
MUSCI OR MOSSES 65 Order i. Marchan
Page 87 and 88:
FILICALES 67 stems, sheath-like who
Page 89 and 90:
SPERMATOPHYTA 69 sion of labor cont
Page 91 and 92:
Official drug ORCHID FAMILY 71
Page 93 and 94:
WILLOW FAMILY 73 Family 2. Fagace^
Page 95 and 96:
ELM FAMILY 75 forming a sheath abov
Page 97 and 98:
CASHEW FAMILY 77 Family 17. Rosacea
Page 99 and 100:
CELASTRACE^ 79 Family 21. Crucifer^
Page 101 and 102:
PASSIFLORACEjE 8 leaves, and regula
Page 103 and 104:
ZYGOPHYLLACEyE 83 of perfect, five-
Page 106 and 107:
Official drug
Page 108 and 109:
88 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY northern h
Page 110 and 111:
90 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Official d
Page 112 and 113:
92 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY pharmaceut
Page 114 and 115:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Le Maout and Decaisne'
Page 116 and 117:
NOTES
Page 118 and 119:
NOTES
Page 120 and 121:
96 Balsamum Peruvianum, 78 Tolutanu
Page 122 and 123:
98 Determinate Inflorescence, kinds
Page 124 and 125:
lOO INDEX Indian Turnip, 70 Indigo,
Page 126 and 127:
102 INDEX Myrrha, 79 Myrtaceae, 82
Page 128 and 129:
I04 INDEX Rhamnus Purshiana, 83 Fra
Page 130:
io6 INDEX Thyrsus, 39 Tissue, 3, 4
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