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1 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY and then smaller in calibre. These store starch and enable sap to pass through. 3. Endodermis, or innermost layer of cells in the cortex with len- ticularly thickened radial walls. 4. Pericambium, a zone of one, two, or three layers of rounded, thin-walled, actively dividing cells, which may give rise to side rootlets. 5. Radial fibrovascular bundle, which in most monocotyledons consists of eight, twelve, or fifteen alternating patches of phloem with radiating xylem arms between. Phloem tissue consists of phloem cells and sieve tubes. Xylem at tips of arms, made of spiral tracheae the first xylem elements to mature. Internal to these are small pitted vessels, later, striking pitted vessels and considerable wood fibre. 6. Pith. Dicotyledons.— ^The typical dicotyl root is a tetrarch one, four xylem alternating with four phloem patches. These roots have an unlimited power of growth. A. Of Primary Growth. A trans-section of a dicotyl root in its young growth shows the fol- lowing structure from periphery toward centre. 1. Epidermis with cutinized outer walls. 2. Hypodermis. 3. Cortex with usually small intercellular spaces. 4. Endodermis, or innermost layer of cells of the cortex with radially thickened walls. 5. Pericambium of one to two layers of actively growing cells which may produce side rootlets. 6. Radial fibrovascular bundle of four, rarely two or three or five or six phloem patches alternating with as many xylem arms. Not uncommon to find bast or phloem fibre along outer face of each phloem patch. Xylem has spiral tracheae, internal to these a few pitted vessels. Then, as root ages, more pitted vessels, also xylem cells and wood fibres make their appearance B. Of Secondary Growth. (Most ofiicial roots.) At about six weeks one notes cells dividing by tangential walls in the inner curve of phloem patches. This is intrafascicular cambium. A single layer of flattened cells starts to cut off on its inner side a quan- tity of secondary xylem and pushes out the patches of bast fibres, adds a little secondary phloem on the outer side. Secondary xylem finally fills up the patches between the arms. The patches of bast fibres get
THE BUD 19 flattened out. The pericambium has a tendency to start division into an inner and outer layer. The outer layer becomes a cork cambium (phellogen) surrounding the bundle inside the endodermis It cuts off cork tissue on its outer face, hence all liquid material is prevented from filtering in and cortex including endodermis, as well as the epidermis, shrivel and dry up and separate off at the age of two to three months. The cork cambium (phellogen) may lay down secondary cortex internal to itself and ex- ternal to the pholem. Patches of cells of the inner iayer of pericambium divide rapidly and are called interfascicular cambium. These join the intrafascicular cambium to form a con- tinuous cambium ring which then cuts off additional secondary xylem on its inner face and secondary phloem on its outer face pushing inward the first-formed or protoxylem and outward the first-formed or protophloem. The Bud Buds are rudimentary stems with rudimentary leaves compactly arranged upon them. The COTYLEDONS and plumule repre- sent the first bud on the initial stem or caulicle. Scaly buds are such as have their outer leaf rudiments transformed into scales, often coated with a waxy or resi- nous substance without and a downy lining within, to protect them from sudden changes in climate. Ex. : Hickory. ings. Fig. 14.—Cross-section of a young root of Phaseolus multiflorus. A, pr, cortex; m, pith; X, stele (ail tissues within the endodermis collectively); g, g, g, g, primary xylem bundle; b, b, b, b, primary phloem bundle. B, cross-section through older portion of root of the same plant, b', b', Secondary bast; k, k, periderm. The remaining letters stand for the same tissues as in A. Notice that the cambium has laid down medullary rays in front of the primary xylem, but has made secondary xylem behind the primary phloem. {From Steiens after Vines.) Naked buds are those whose leaf rudiments are destitute of cover
Page 2 and 3: ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL U
Page 4 and 5: The original of this book is in the
Page 6 and 7: upper Iris Diaphragm Substage Ring
Page 8 and 9: (3K Copyright, 1914, by P. Blakisto
Page 11: FOREWORD In a monograph entitled "A
Page 14 and 15: X CONTENTS Pages Plant Hairs or Tei
Page 17 and 18: TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
Page 19 and 20: PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 3 A cell
Page 21 and 22: PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES A tissu
Page 23 and 24: WOODY FIBERS ill
Page 25 and 26: MEDULLARY RAYS 9 Tracheary tissue c
Page 27 and 28: ACORUS CALAMUS Fig. 8.—Transverse
Page 29 and 30: ITBEOVASCULAR BUNDLES 13 Fibrovascu
Page 31 and 32: THE ROOT 15 The ripened seed is the
Page 33: ROOT HISTOLOGY 17 2. Biennial plant
Page 37 and 38: (2) Periblem, forming the cortex; a
Page 39 and 40: HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23
Page 41 and 42: PERENNIAL DICOTYL STEM 25 Growth of
Page 43 and 44: LENTICELS AND THEIR FORMATION 27 Le
Page 45 and 46: PLANT HAIES 29 Periderm.— -Peride
Page 47 and 48: THE LEAF 31 The leaf of the Tulip P
Page 49 and 50: MARGIN OP LEAF 33 AcEROSE or ACICUL
Page 51 and 52: DURATION OF LEAVES 35 Glabrous, whe
Page 53 and 54: VERNATION 37 Oak and Willow, etc. A
Page 55 and 56: A VEETICILLASTER 39 Corymb, a short
Page 57 and 58: THE FLOWER 41 as in Clematis. In th
Page 59 and 60: THE COROLLA 43 different forms of c
Page 61 and 62: THE STAMEN SYSTEM 45 When few in nu
Page 63 and 64: THE PLACENTA 47 Compound Pistils ar
Page 65 and 66: FERTILIZATION 49 liantly colored co
Page 67 and 68: CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS 5 Where th
Page 69 and 70: THE SEED 53 The Berry is fleshy fru
Page 71 and 72: FORMATION OF ALBUMEN 55 Ezalhuminou
Page 73 and 74: NOTES
Page 75 and 76: NOTES
Page 77 and 78: APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL COLONIES 57
Page 79 and 80: ALGA-LIKE FUNGI 59 water and are of
Page 81 and 82: THE SAC FUNGI 6 Order 3. Peronospor
Page 83 and 84: THE LICHENS 63 Sub-class B.— Auto
Page 85 and 86:
MUSCI OR MOSSES 65 Order i. Marchan
Page 87 and 88:
FILICALES 67 stems, sheath-like who
Page 89 and 90:
SPERMATOPHYTA 69 sion of labor cont
Page 91 and 92:
Official drug ORCHID FAMILY 71
Page 93 and 94:
WILLOW FAMILY 73 Family 2. Fagace^
Page 95 and 96:
ELM FAMILY 75 forming a sheath abov
Page 97 and 98:
CASHEW FAMILY 77 Family 17. Rosacea
Page 99 and 100:
CELASTRACE^ 79 Family 21. Crucifer^
Page 101 and 102:
PASSIFLORACEjE 8 leaves, and regula
Page 103 and 104:
ZYGOPHYLLACEyE 83 of perfect, five-
Page 106 and 107:
Official drug
Page 108 and 109:
88 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY northern h
Page 110 and 111:
90 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Official d
Page 112 and 113:
92 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY pharmaceut
Page 114 and 115:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Le Maout and Decaisne'
Page 116 and 117:
NOTES
Page 118 and 119:
NOTES
Page 120 and 121:
96 Balsamum Peruvianum, 78 Tolutanu
Page 122 and 123:
98 Determinate Inflorescence, kinds
Page 124 and 125:
lOO INDEX Indian Turnip, 70 Indigo,
Page 126 and 127:
102 INDEX Myrrha, 79 Myrtaceae, 82
Page 128 and 129:
I04 INDEX Rhamnus Purshiana, 83 Fra
Page 130:
io6 INDEX Thyrsus, 39 Tissue, 3, 4
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