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32 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Parallel Venation is typical of the Monocotyledons, as Palms, Lilies, Grasses, etc. Reticulate or Netted Veins characterize the Dicotyledons, as the Poplar or Oak. Pinni-veined or Feather-veined leaves consist of a mid-vein with lateral veinlets extending from mid-vein to margin at frequent intervals and in a regular manner. Ex. : Calla. Palmately Veined leaves consist of a number of veins of nearly the same size, radiating from petiole to margin. Ex. : Maple leaf. The Forms of Leaves.— Simple leaves are those having a single blade, either sessile or petiolate. Compound leaves are divided into two or more distinct subdivi- sions called leaflets, which may be either sessile or petiolate. Simple leaves and the separate blades of compound leaves are de- scribed as to general outline, apex, base, marginal indentations, surface and texture. (a) General Outline (form viewed as a whole without regard to indentations of margin). Dependent upon kind of venation. When the lower veins are longer and larger than the others, the leaf is Ovate, or Egg-shaped. Parallel-veined leaves are usually linear, long and narrow of nearly equal breadth throughout, or lanceolate, like the linear with the exception that the broadest part is a little below the centre. Elliptical, somewhat longer than wide, with rounded ends and sides. Ex.: Leaf of Pear. Oblong, when longer than broad, margins parallel. Ex. : Matico. Oblique, margin longer on one side than the other, as the Hamamelis and Elm. Orbicular, circular in shape. Ex.: Nasturtium. Peltate, or shield-shaped, having the petiole inserted at the centre of the lamina. Ex.: the Nasturtium, Podophyllum. leaves. ovate. FiLiPORM, or thread-like, very long and narrow, as Asparagus Ovate, broadly elliptical. Ex.: Digitalis. Obovate, reversely Oblanceolate, reversely lanceolate. Ex. : Chimaphila. Cuneate, shaped like a wedge with the point backward. Spatulate, like a spatula, with narrow base and broad rounded apex. Ex.: Uva Ursi.
MARGIN OP LEAF 33 AcEROSE or ACICULAE, tipped with a needle-like point, as Juniper. Deltoid, when the shape of the Greek letter A, as Chenopodium. {h) Apex of Leaf.— Acute, when the margins form an acute angle at the tip of the leaf. Ex. : Eriodictyon. Acuminate, when the point is longer and more tapering than the acute. Ex. : PelHtory. Obtuse, blunt or round. Ex. : Buchu. Truncate, abruptly obtuse, as if cut square off. MucRONATE, terminating in a short, soft point. Cuspidate, like the last, except that the point is long and rigid. Aristate, with the apex terminating in a bristle. Emarginate, notched. Ex. : Pilocarpus. Retuse, with a broad, shallow sinus at the apex. Obcoedate, inversely heart-shaped. (c) Base of Leaf.— Cordate, heart-shaped. Ex. : Lime. Reniform, kidney-shaped. Ex. : Ground Ivy. Hastate, or halbert-shaped, when the lobes point outward from the petiole. Ex. : Aristolochia Serpentaria. AuRicuLATE, having ear-like appendage at the base. Sagittate, arrow-shaped. Ex. : Bindweed. {d) Margin of Leaf.— Entire, when the margin is an even line. Serrate, with sharp teeth which incline forward like the teeth of a hand-saw. Ex. : Peppermint. Dentate, or toothed, with outwardly projecting teeth. Chestnut. Crenate, or Scalloped, similar to the preceding forms, but with the teeth much rounded. Ex. : Digitalis, Salvia. Repand, or Undulate, margin—a wavy line. Sinuate, when the margin is more distinctly sinuous than the last. Incised, cut by sharp, irregular incisions. Ex. : Hawthorn. Runcinate, the peculiar form of pinnately incised leaf observed in the Dandelion and some other Compositae in which the teeth are recurved. A LoBED leaf is one in which the indentations extend nearly to the mid-vein, or mid-rib, as it is usually called, the segments or sinuses, or both, being rounded. Ex. : Sassafras. Cleft is the same as lobed, except that the sinuses are deeper, and commonly acute. Ex. : Dandelion. A Parted leaf is one in which the incisions extend nearly to the mid-rib. Ex.: Geranium maculatum.
Page 2 and 3: ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL U
Page 4 and 5: The original of this book is in the
Page 6 and 7: upper Iris Diaphragm Substage Ring
Page 8 and 9: (3K Copyright, 1914, by P. Blakisto
Page 11: FOREWORD In a monograph entitled "A
Page 14 and 15: X CONTENTS Pages Plant Hairs or Tei
Page 17 and 18: TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
Page 19 and 20: PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 3 A cell
Page 21 and 22: PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES A tissu
Page 23 and 24: WOODY FIBERS ill
Page 25 and 26: MEDULLARY RAYS 9 Tracheary tissue c
Page 27 and 28: ACORUS CALAMUS Fig. 8.—Transverse
Page 29 and 30: ITBEOVASCULAR BUNDLES 13 Fibrovascu
Page 31 and 32: THE ROOT 15 The ripened seed is the
Page 33 and 34: ROOT HISTOLOGY 17 2. Biennial plant
Page 35 and 36: THE BUD 19 flattened out. The peric
Page 37 and 38: (2) Periblem, forming the cortex; a
Page 39 and 40: HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23
Page 41 and 42: PERENNIAL DICOTYL STEM 25 Growth of
Page 43 and 44: LENTICELS AND THEIR FORMATION 27 Le
Page 45 and 46: PLANT HAIES 29 Periderm.— -Peride
Page 47: THE LEAF 31 The leaf of the Tulip P
Page 51 and 52: DURATION OF LEAVES 35 Glabrous, whe
Page 53 and 54: VERNATION 37 Oak and Willow, etc. A
Page 55 and 56: A VEETICILLASTER 39 Corymb, a short
Page 57 and 58: THE FLOWER 41 as in Clematis. In th
Page 59 and 60: THE COROLLA 43 different forms of c
Page 61 and 62: THE STAMEN SYSTEM 45 When few in nu
Page 63 and 64: THE PLACENTA 47 Compound Pistils ar
Page 65 and 66: FERTILIZATION 49 liantly colored co
Page 67 and 68: CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS 5 Where th
Page 69 and 70: THE SEED 53 The Berry is fleshy fru
Page 71 and 72: FORMATION OF ALBUMEN 55 Ezalhuminou
Page 73 and 74: NOTES
Page 75 and 76: NOTES
Page 77 and 78: APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL COLONIES 57
Page 79 and 80: ALGA-LIKE FUNGI 59 water and are of
Page 81 and 82: THE SAC FUNGI 6 Order 3. Peronospor
Page 83 and 84: THE LICHENS 63 Sub-class B.— Auto
Page 85 and 86: MUSCI OR MOSSES 65 Order i. Marchan
Page 87 and 88: FILICALES 67 stems, sheath-like who
Page 89 and 90: SPERMATOPHYTA 69 sion of labor cont
Page 91 and 92: Official drug ORCHID FAMILY 71
Page 93 and 94: WILLOW FAMILY 73 Family 2. Fagace^
Page 95 and 96: ELM FAMILY 75 forming a sheath abov
Page 97 and 98: CASHEW FAMILY 77 Family 17. Rosacea
Page 99 and 100:
CELASTRACE^ 79 Family 21. Crucifer^
Page 101 and 102:
PASSIFLORACEjE 8 leaves, and regula
Page 103 and 104:
ZYGOPHYLLACEyE 83 of perfect, five-
Page 106 and 107:
Official drug
Page 108 and 109:
88 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY northern h
Page 110 and 111:
90 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Official d
Page 112 and 113:
92 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY pharmaceut
Page 114 and 115:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Le Maout and Decaisne'
Page 116 and 117:
NOTES
Page 118 and 119:
NOTES
Page 120 and 121:
96 Balsamum Peruvianum, 78 Tolutanu
Page 122 and 123:
98 Determinate Inflorescence, kinds
Page 124 and 125:
lOO INDEX Indian Turnip, 70 Indigo,
Page 126 and 127:
102 INDEX Myrrha, 79 Myrtaceae, 82
Page 128 and 129:
I04 INDEX Rhamnus Purshiana, 83 Fra
Page 130:
io6 INDEX Thyrsus, 39 Tissue, 3, 4
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