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1 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ROOT AND STEM The Root The Stem L. Descending axis of plant. i. Ascending axis of plant. 2. Growing point sub-apical. a. Growing px)int apical. 3. Contains no chlorophyll. 3. Chlorophyll sometimes present. 4. Branches arranged irregularly. 4. Branches with mathematical regularity. 5. Does not bear leaves or leaf rudi- 5. Bears leaves and modifications. ments. 6. Structure comparatively simple. 6. Structure better defined. Classification of Roots as to Form.—^i . Primary or first root, a direct downward growth from the seed, which, if greatly in excess of the lateral roots, is called the main or tap root. Ex. : Taraxacum, Radish. 2. Secondary roots are produced by the later growths of the stem, such as are covered with soil and supplied with moisture. Both primary and secondary roots may be either fibrous or fleshy. The grasses are good examples of plants having fibrous roots. Fleshy roots may be multiple, as those of the Dahlia, or may assume simple forms, as follows: Fusiform, or spindle-shaped, like that of the radish or parsnip. Napiform or turnip-shaped, somewhat globular and becoming ab- ruptly slender then terminating in a conical tap root, as the roots of the turnip. Conical, having the largest diameter at the base then tapering, as in the Maple. 3. Anomalous roots are of irregular or unusual habits, subserving other purposes than the normal. 4. Adventitious roots are such as occur in abnormal places on developing on Bryophyllum leaves. the plant. Ex. : Roots 5. Epiphytic roots, the roots of epiphytes, common to tropica] forests, for example, never reach the soil at all, but cling to the bark of trees and absorb nutriment from the air. Ex. : Roots of Vanilla. 6. The roots of parasitic plants are known as haustoria. These penetrate the bark of plants upon which they find lodgment, known as hosts, and absorb nutritious juices from them. The Mistletoe, Dodder and Geradia are typical parasites. Duration of Root.— 'Plants are classified according to the duration of the root, as follows: I Annual . plants are herbs with roots containing no nourishment for future use. They complete their growth, producing flower, fruit and seed in a single season, then die.
ROOT HISTOLOGY 17 2. Biennial plants develop but one set of organs the first year, and as in the beet and turnip, etc., a large amount of reserve food material is stored in the root for the support of the plant the following season when it flowers, fruits, and dies. 3. Perennial plants live indefinitely, as trees. Root Histology. Monocotyledons.—The histology of mono- cotyledonous roots varies, depending upon relations to their surround- ings, which may be aquatic semi-aquatic, mesophytic, or xerophytic. Fig. 13.—Sarsaparilla, Mexican. Cross-section of root. (32 diam.) A, Root hairs; B, cork; C, parenchyma of cortex; Z), endodermis; £, wood parenchyma and fibers; F, water tube; E, phloem. (Photomicrograph.) {From Sayre.) In this connection we will discuss only the type of greatest pharma- cognic importance, i.e., the mesophytic type as seen in its most typical form in the transverse section of an Onion root. Examiniag such a section from periphery toward the centre, one notes the following 1 Epidermis with thin cuticle. 2. Cortex, consisting of broad zone of rounded cells getting larger
Page 2 and 3: ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL U
Page 4 and 5: The original of this book is in the
Page 6 and 7: upper Iris Diaphragm Substage Ring
Page 8 and 9: (3K Copyright, 1914, by P. Blakisto
Page 11: FOREWORD In a monograph entitled "A
Page 14 and 15: X CONTENTS Pages Plant Hairs or Tei
Page 17 and 18: TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
Page 19 and 20: PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 3 A cell
Page 21 and 22: PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES A tissu
Page 23 and 24: WOODY FIBERS ill
Page 25 and 26: MEDULLARY RAYS 9 Tracheary tissue c
Page 27 and 28: ACORUS CALAMUS Fig. 8.—Transverse
Page 29 and 30: ITBEOVASCULAR BUNDLES 13 Fibrovascu
Page 31: THE ROOT 15 The ripened seed is the
Page 35 and 36: THE BUD 19 flattened out. The peric
Page 37 and 38: (2) Periblem, forming the cortex; a
Page 39 and 40: HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23
Page 41 and 42: PERENNIAL DICOTYL STEM 25 Growth of
Page 43 and 44: LENTICELS AND THEIR FORMATION 27 Le
Page 45 and 46: PLANT HAIES 29 Periderm.— -Peride
Page 47 and 48: THE LEAF 31 The leaf of the Tulip P
Page 49 and 50: MARGIN OP LEAF 33 AcEROSE or ACICUL
Page 51 and 52: DURATION OF LEAVES 35 Glabrous, whe
Page 53 and 54: VERNATION 37 Oak and Willow, etc. A
Page 55 and 56: A VEETICILLASTER 39 Corymb, a short
Page 57 and 58: THE FLOWER 41 as in Clematis. In th
Page 59 and 60: THE COROLLA 43 different forms of c
Page 61 and 62: THE STAMEN SYSTEM 45 When few in nu
Page 63 and 64: THE PLACENTA 47 Compound Pistils ar
Page 65 and 66: FERTILIZATION 49 liantly colored co
Page 67 and 68: CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS 5 Where th
Page 69 and 70: THE SEED 53 The Berry is fleshy fru
Page 71 and 72: FORMATION OF ALBUMEN 55 Ezalhuminou
Page 73 and 74: NOTES
Page 75 and 76: NOTES
Page 77 and 78: APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL COLONIES 57
Page 79 and 80: ALGA-LIKE FUNGI 59 water and are of
Page 81 and 82: THE SAC FUNGI 6 Order 3. Peronospor
Page 83 and 84:
THE LICHENS 63 Sub-class B.— Auto
Page 85 and 86:
MUSCI OR MOSSES 65 Order i. Marchan
Page 87 and 88:
FILICALES 67 stems, sheath-like who
Page 89 and 90:
SPERMATOPHYTA 69 sion of labor cont
Page 91 and 92:
Official drug ORCHID FAMILY 71
Page 93 and 94:
WILLOW FAMILY 73 Family 2. Fagace^
Page 95 and 96:
ELM FAMILY 75 forming a sheath abov
Page 97 and 98:
CASHEW FAMILY 77 Family 17. Rosacea
Page 99 and 100:
CELASTRACE^ 79 Family 21. Crucifer^
Page 101 and 102:
PASSIFLORACEjE 8 leaves, and regula
Page 103 and 104:
ZYGOPHYLLACEyE 83 of perfect, five-
Page 106 and 107:
Official drug
Page 108 and 109:
88 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY northern h
Page 110 and 111:
90 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Official d
Page 112 and 113:
92 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY pharmaceut
Page 114 and 115:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Le Maout and Decaisne'
Page 116 and 117:
NOTES
Page 118 and 119:
NOTES
Page 120 and 121:
96 Balsamum Peruvianum, 78 Tolutanu
Page 122 and 123:
98 Determinate Inflorescence, kinds
Page 124 and 125:
lOO INDEX Indian Turnip, 70 Indigo,
Page 126 and 127:
102 INDEX Myrrha, 79 Myrtaceae, 82
Page 128 and 129:
I04 INDEX Rhamnus Purshiana, 83 Fra
Page 130:
io6 INDEX Thyrsus, 39 Tissue, 3, 4
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