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34 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY In the Divided leaf the incisions extend to the mid-rib, but the segments are not stalked. Ex. : Watercress. If the venation is pinnate, the preceding forms may be described as pinnately incised, lobed, parted, or divided. If the venation is radiate, then the terms radiately or palmately lobed, incised, etc., are employed. The transition from Simple to Compound Leaves is a very gradual one, so that in many instances it is difScult to determine whether a given form is to be regarded as simple or compound. The number and arrangement of. the parts of a compound leaf correspond with the mode of venation, and the same descriptive terms are applied to outline, margin, etc., as in simple leaves. Leaves are either pinnately or radiately compounded. They are said to be abruptly pinnate or paripinnate when the leaf is terminated by a pair of leaflets; odd pinnate or imparipinnate when it terminates with a single leaflet. When the leaflets are alternately large and small, the leaf is interruptedly pinnate, as the Potato leaf. When the term- inal leaflet is the largest, and the remaining ones diminish in size toward the base the form is known as lyrate, illustrated in the leaf of the Turnip. Radiately or palmately compound leaves have the leaflets attached to the apex of the petiole. When these are two in number the leaf is bifoliate, or binate; if three in number, trifoliate, or ternate; when four in number, quadrifoliate, etc. If each of the leaflets of a palmately compound leaf divides into three, the leaf is called bi-ternate; if this form again divides, a tri-ternate leaf results. Beyond this point the leaf is known as decompound. Example of decompound leaf seen in Cimicifuga. Leaf Texture.—Leaves are described as: Membranous, when thin and pliable, as Coca. Succulent, when thick and fleshy, as Aloes, and Live Forever. ScARious, when dry and scaly. Coriaceous, when thick and leathery, as Eucalyptus, Uva Ursi and Magnolia. Leaf Color.— Petaloid, when of some brilliant color different from the usual green, as the Coleus and Begonia, and other plants which are prized for the beauty of their foliage rather than their blossoms. Leaf Surface.—Any plant surface is:
DURATION OF LEAVES 35 Glabrous, when perfectly smooth and free from hairs or protuberances. Ex. : Tulip. Glaucous, when covered with bloom, as the Cabbage leaf. Pellucid-puncate, when dotted with oil glands, as the leaves of the Orange family. Scabrous leaves have a rough surface with minute, hard points. Pubescent, covered with short, soft hairs. Ex. : Strawberry. ViLLOSE, covered with long and shaggy hairs. Ex. Forget-me-not. Sericious, silky. Ex.: Silverleaf. )i^3C?oc:3g^g:JOCD rage tissue Pallaade parenchyma rage tissue Fig. 26. Fig. 27. Fig. 26.—Cross-section through a portion of rubber leaf, showing the large percentage of water-storage tissues on both sides of the leaf, and the relation of the palisade and spongy parenchyma to the lateral veins. {From Steiens.) Fig. 27.—Surface view of the epidermis of a leaf showing several stomata. The guard cells are dotted. {From Hamaker.) Hispid, when covered with short, stiff hairs. Ex. : Borage. ToMENTOSE, densely pubescent and felt-like, as the Mullein leaf. Spinose, beset with spines, as in the Thistle. Rugose, when wrinkled. Ex. : Sage. Verrucose, covered with protuberances or warts. Duration of Leaves.—Leaves vary as to their period of duration. They are: Persistent, or evergreen, if they remain green on the tree for a year or more. Deciduous, if unfolding in spring and falling in autumn. Caducous, or fugacious, if falling early in the season.
Page 2 and 3: ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL U
Page 4 and 5: The original of this book is in the
Page 6 and 7: upper Iris Diaphragm Substage Ring
Page 8 and 9: (3K Copyright, 1914, by P. Blakisto
Page 11: FOREWORD In a monograph entitled "A
Page 14 and 15: X CONTENTS Pages Plant Hairs or Tei
Page 17 and 18: TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
Page 19 and 20: PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 3 A cell
Page 21 and 22: PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES A tissu
Page 23 and 24: WOODY FIBERS ill
Page 25 and 26: MEDULLARY RAYS 9 Tracheary tissue c
Page 27 and 28: ACORUS CALAMUS Fig. 8.—Transverse
Page 29 and 30: ITBEOVASCULAR BUNDLES 13 Fibrovascu
Page 31 and 32: THE ROOT 15 The ripened seed is the
Page 33 and 34: ROOT HISTOLOGY 17 2. Biennial plant
Page 35 and 36: THE BUD 19 flattened out. The peric
Page 37 and 38: (2) Periblem, forming the cortex; a
Page 39 and 40: HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23
Page 41 and 42: PERENNIAL DICOTYL STEM 25 Growth of
Page 43 and 44: LENTICELS AND THEIR FORMATION 27 Le
Page 45 and 46: PLANT HAIES 29 Periderm.— -Peride
Page 47 and 48: THE LEAF 31 The leaf of the Tulip P
Page 49: MARGIN OP LEAF 33 AcEROSE or ACICUL
Page 53 and 54: VERNATION 37 Oak and Willow, etc. A
Page 55 and 56: A VEETICILLASTER 39 Corymb, a short
Page 57 and 58: THE FLOWER 41 as in Clematis. In th
Page 59 and 60: THE COROLLA 43 different forms of c
Page 61 and 62: THE STAMEN SYSTEM 45 When few in nu
Page 63 and 64: THE PLACENTA 47 Compound Pistils ar
Page 65 and 66: FERTILIZATION 49 liantly colored co
Page 67 and 68: CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS 5 Where th
Page 69 and 70: THE SEED 53 The Berry is fleshy fru
Page 71 and 72: FORMATION OF ALBUMEN 55 Ezalhuminou
Page 73 and 74: NOTES
Page 75 and 76: NOTES
Page 77 and 78: APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL COLONIES 57
Page 79 and 80: ALGA-LIKE FUNGI 59 water and are of
Page 81 and 82: THE SAC FUNGI 6 Order 3. Peronospor
Page 83 and 84: THE LICHENS 63 Sub-class B.— Auto
Page 85 and 86: MUSCI OR MOSSES 65 Order i. Marchan
Page 87 and 88: FILICALES 67 stems, sheath-like who
Page 89 and 90: SPERMATOPHYTA 69 sion of labor cont
Page 91 and 92: Official drug ORCHID FAMILY 71
Page 93 and 94: WILLOW FAMILY 73 Family 2. Fagace^
Page 95 and 96: ELM FAMILY 75 forming a sheath abov
Page 97 and 98: CASHEW FAMILY 77 Family 17. Rosacea
Page 99 and 100: CELASTRACE^ 79 Family 21. Crucifer^
Page 101 and 102:
PASSIFLORACEjE 8 leaves, and regula
Page 103 and 104:
ZYGOPHYLLACEyE 83 of perfect, five-
Page 106 and 107:
Official drug
Page 108 and 109:
88 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY northern h
Page 110 and 111:
90 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Official d
Page 112 and 113:
92 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY pharmaceut
Page 114 and 115:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Le Maout and Decaisne'
Page 116 and 117:
NOTES
Page 118 and 119:
NOTES
Page 120 and 121:
96 Balsamum Peruvianum, 78 Tolutanu
Page 122 and 123:
98 Determinate Inflorescence, kinds
Page 124 and 125:
lOO INDEX Indian Turnip, 70 Indigo,
Page 126 and 127:
102 INDEX Myrrha, 79 Myrtaceae, 82
Page 128 and 129:
I04 INDEX Rhamnus Purshiana, 83 Fra
Page 130:
io6 INDEX Thyrsus, 39 Tissue, 3, 4
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