Pharmaceutical botany - Lighthouse Survival Blog

More documents

Recommendations

Info

48 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY I, Basilar. 2, Sutural. 3, Parietal. 4, Central. 5, Free Central. Basilar placentation is well illustrated in the Polygonacece (Smart Weed, Rhubarb, Etc.) in Piper and Juglans. Here at the apex of the axis and in the center of the ovarian base arises a single ovule from a small area of placental tissue. Sutural placentation is seen in the Leguminosae (Pea, Bean, Etc.). Here each carpel has prolonged along its fused edges two cord-like placental twigs, from which start the funiculi or ovule stalks. Parietal placentation is seen in Gloxinia, Gesneria, Etc. Here we find two or more carpels joined and placental tissue running up along edges of the fused carpels bearing the ovules. Central or axile placentation is seen in Campanulacese (Lobelia), where the two, three, or more carpels have folded inward until they meet in the center and in the process have carried the originally parietal placenta with them. This then may form a central swelling bearing the ovules over the surface. Free Central placentation occurs perfectly in the Primulacese, Plantaginaceffi and a few other families. In this the carples simply cover over or roof in a central placental pillar around which the ovules are scattered. Pollination.—Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma and the consequent germination thereon. It is a necessary step to fertilization. When the pollen is transferred to the stigma of its own flower the process is called Close or Self Pollination; if to a stigma of another flower, Cross Pollination. If fertilization follows, these processes are termed respectively. Close or Self Fertilization and Cross Fertiliza- tion. Close Fertilization means in time ruination to the race and hap- pily is prevented in many cases by (a) the stamens and pistils standing in extraordinary relation to each other, (b) by the anthers and pistils maturing at different times, (c) by the pollen in many cases germinat- ing better on the stigma of another flower than its own. The agents which are responsible for cross pollination are the wind, insects, water currents, small animals, and birds. Wind-pollinated flowering plants are called Anemophilous ; their pollen is dry and powdery, flowers inconspicuous and inodorous, as in the Pines, Wheat, Walnut, Hop, etc. Insect-pollinated plants are called Entomophilous. These, being dependent upon the visits of insects for fertilization, possess bril-
FERTILIZATION 49 liantly colored corollas, have fragrant odors, and secrete nectar, a sweet liquid very attractive to insects which are adapted to this work through the possession of a pollen-carrying apparatus. Ex. : Orchids. Plants pollinated through the agency of water currents are known as Hydrophilous. To this class belong such plants as live under water and which produce flowers at or near the surface of the same. Ex. : Sparganium. Some plants as the Honeysuckle and Nasturtium are fertilized by humming birds. Before the pollen grain has been deposited upon the stigma a series of events affecting both the pollen grain and the embryo sac occur. The microspore (pollen grain) divides into two cells, the mother and tube cells of the male gametophyte. The nucleus of the mother cell divides to form two generative nuclei. The nucleus of the megaspore or embryo sac undergoes division until eight daughter nuclei are produced which are separated into the following groups (a) Three of these nuclei occupy a position at the apex, the lower nucleus of the group being the egg or ovum, the other two nuclei being the SYNERGiDS or assisting nuclei. (b) At the opposite end of the sac are three nuclei known as the antipodals which apparently have no special function. (c) The two remaining nuclei (polar nuclei) form a group lying near the centre of the embryo sac which unite to form a single nucleus from which, after fertilization, the endosperm of nourishing material is derived. This stage of the embryo sac constitutes the female gametophyte. Fertilization.—After the pollen grain reaches the stigma the viscid moisture of the stigma excites the outgrowth of the male gametophyte which bursts through the coats of the pollen grain forming a pollen tube. The pollen tube carrying within its walls two generative and one tube nucleus penetrates through the loose cells of the style until it reaches the micropyle of the ovule, then piercing the nucellus it enters the embryo sac. The tip of the tube breaks and one of the generative nuclei unites with the egg to form the oospore. The oospore develops at once into an embryo or plantlet, which lies passive until the seed undergoes germination. The other generative nucleus unites with the previously fused polar nuclei to form the endosperm nucleus which soon undergoes rapid division into a large number of nuclei scattered about through the protoplasm of the embryo sac. These accumulate proto-
Page 2 and 3:
ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL U
Page 4 and 5:
The original of this book is in the
Page 6 and 7:
upper Iris Diaphragm Substage Ring
Page 8 and 9:
(3K Copyright, 1914, by P. Blakisto
Page 11:
FOREWORD In a monograph entitled "A
Page 14 and 15: X CONTENTS Pages Plant Hairs or Tei
Page 17 and 18: TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
Page 19 and 20: PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 3 A cell
Page 21 and 22: PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES A tissu
Page 23 and 24: WOODY FIBERS ill
Page 25 and 26: MEDULLARY RAYS 9 Tracheary tissue c
Page 27 and 28: ACORUS CALAMUS Fig. 8.—Transverse
Page 29 and 30: ITBEOVASCULAR BUNDLES 13 Fibrovascu
Page 31 and 32: THE ROOT 15 The ripened seed is the
Page 33 and 34: ROOT HISTOLOGY 17 2. Biennial plant
Page 35 and 36: THE BUD 19 flattened out. The peric
Page 37 and 38: (2) Periblem, forming the cortex; a
Page 39 and 40: HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23
Page 41 and 42: PERENNIAL DICOTYL STEM 25 Growth of
Page 43 and 44: LENTICELS AND THEIR FORMATION 27 Le
Page 45 and 46: PLANT HAIES 29 Periderm.— -Peride
Page 47 and 48: THE LEAF 31 The leaf of the Tulip P
Page 49 and 50: MARGIN OP LEAF 33 AcEROSE or ACICUL
Page 51 and 52: DURATION OF LEAVES 35 Glabrous, whe
Page 53 and 54: VERNATION 37 Oak and Willow, etc. A
Page 55 and 56: A VEETICILLASTER 39 Corymb, a short
Page 57 and 58: THE FLOWER 41 as in Clematis. In th
Page 59 and 60: THE COROLLA 43 different forms of c
Page 61 and 62: THE STAMEN SYSTEM 45 When few in nu
Page 63: THE PLACENTA 47 Compound Pistils ar
Page 67 and 68: CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS 5 Where th
Page 69 and 70: THE SEED 53 The Berry is fleshy fru
Page 71 and 72: FORMATION OF ALBUMEN 55 Ezalhuminou
Page 73 and 74: NOTES
Page 75 and 76: NOTES
Page 77 and 78: APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL COLONIES 57
Page 79 and 80: ALGA-LIKE FUNGI 59 water and are of
Page 81 and 82: THE SAC FUNGI 6 Order 3. Peronospor
Page 83 and 84: THE LICHENS 63 Sub-class B.— Auto
Page 85 and 86: MUSCI OR MOSSES 65 Order i. Marchan
Page 87 and 88: FILICALES 67 stems, sheath-like who
Page 89 and 90: SPERMATOPHYTA 69 sion of labor cont
Page 91 and 92: Official drug ORCHID FAMILY 71
Page 93 and 94: WILLOW FAMILY 73 Family 2. Fagace^
Page 95 and 96: ELM FAMILY 75 forming a sheath abov
Page 97 and 98: CASHEW FAMILY 77 Family 17. Rosacea
Page 99 and 100: CELASTRACE^ 79 Family 21. Crucifer^
Page 101 and 102: PASSIFLORACEjE 8 leaves, and regula
Page 103 and 104: ZYGOPHYLLACEyE 83 of perfect, five-
Page 106 and 107: Official drug
Page 108 and 109: 88 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY northern h
Page 110 and 111: 90 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Official d
Page 112 and 113: 92 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY pharmaceut
Page 114 and 115:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Le Maout and Decaisne'
Page 116 and 117:
NOTES
Page 118 and 119:
NOTES
Page 120 and 121:
96 Balsamum Peruvianum, 78 Tolutanu
Page 122 and 123:
98 Determinate Inflorescence, kinds
Page 124 and 125:
lOO INDEX Indian Turnip, 70 Indigo,
Page 126 and 127:
102 INDEX Myrrha, 79 Myrtaceae, 82
Page 128 and 129:
I04 INDEX Rhamnus Purshiana, 83 Fra
Page 130:
io6 INDEX Thyrsus, 39 Tissue, 3, 4
show all

Pharmaceutical botany - Lighthouse Survival Blog

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?