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14 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY (o) Concentric, with xylem central in bundle. Seen in stems and leaves of nearly all ferns and the LycopodiacecB. (b) Concentric, with phloem central in bundle. Seen in stems and leaves of some Monocotyledons. Ex. : Calamus. V. Radial, characterized by a number of xylem and phloem masses alternating with one another. Seen in the roots of all Spermatophytes and Pteridophytes. Xylem is that part of a fibrovascular bundle that contains wood cells and fibres. It may also contain trachese, tracheids, seldom sieve tubes. Phloem is that part of a fibrovascular bundle that contains sieve tubes, phloem cells, and often bast fibres. Classification of Tissues According to Function.—According to their particular function, tissues may be classified as follows I. Conducting Tissue II. Protective Tissues j Parenchyme (Fundamental tissue). Xylem cells. Tracheae (ducts). Phloem cells. Sieve tubes. Epidermis (outer cell walls cutinized) Cork (suberized tissue). Bast fibres. III. Mechanical Tissues \ Wood fibres. [ Stone cells. PLANT ORGANS AND ORGANISMS An organ is a part of an organism made up of several tissues and capable of performing some special work. An organism is a living entity composed of different organs or parts with functions which are separate, but mutually dependent, and es- sential to the life of the individual. The organs of fiowering plants are either Vegetative or Reproduc- tive. The vegetative organs of higher plants are plant hairs, roots, STEMS, and leaves. They are concerned in the absorption and elabo- ration of food materials either for tissue-building or storage. The reproductive organs of higher plants include those structures whose function it is to continue the species, y\z., the flower, fruit and seed.
THE ROOT 15 The ripened seed is the product of reproductive processes, and the starting point in the life of all Phanerogams. The living part of the seed is the embryo, which, when developed, consists of four parts, the caulicle, or rudimentary stem, the lower end of which is the beginning of the root, or radicle. At the upper extremity of the stem are two thickened bodies, closely resembling leaves, known as cotyledons, and between these a small bud or plumule. The function of the cotyledon is to build up nourishment for the rudimentary plantlet until it develops true leaves of its own. The Root The root is that part of the plant that grows into or toward the soil, that never develops leaves, rather rarely produces buds, and whose growing apex is covered by a cap. The functions of a root are absorption, storage and support. Its hair Fig. 12.—Cross-section of rootlet in the region of the root hairs. {From Steiens.) principal function is the absorption of nutriment and to this end it generally has branches or rootlets covered with root hairs which largely increase the absorbing surface. These root hairs are of minute and simple structure, being merely elongations of the epidermis of the root back of the root cap into slender tubes with thin walls. The tip of each rootlet is protected by a sheath- or scale-like cover- ing known as the root cap, which not only protects the delicate growing point, but serves as a mechanical aid in pushing its way through the soil. The generative tissues in the region of the root cap are: PLEROME, producing fibrovascular tissue; periblem, producing cortex; DERMATOGEN, producing epidermis; and calyptrogen, producing the root cap.
Page 2 and 3: ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL U
Page 4 and 5: The original of this book is in the
Page 6 and 7: upper Iris Diaphragm Substage Ring
Page 8 and 9: (3K Copyright, 1914, by P. Blakisto
Page 11: FOREWORD In a monograph entitled "A
Page 14 and 15: X CONTENTS Pages Plant Hairs or Tei
Page 17 and 18: TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
Page 19 and 20: PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 3 A cell
Page 21 and 22: PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES A tissu
Page 23 and 24: WOODY FIBERS ill
Page 25 and 26: MEDULLARY RAYS 9 Tracheary tissue c
Page 27 and 28: ACORUS CALAMUS Fig. 8.—Transverse
Page 29: ITBEOVASCULAR BUNDLES 13 Fibrovascu
Page 33 and 34: ROOT HISTOLOGY 17 2. Biennial plant
Page 35 and 36: THE BUD 19 flattened out. The peric
Page 37 and 38: (2) Periblem, forming the cortex; a
Page 39 and 40: HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23
Page 41 and 42: PERENNIAL DICOTYL STEM 25 Growth of
Page 43 and 44: LENTICELS AND THEIR FORMATION 27 Le
Page 45 and 46: PLANT HAIES 29 Periderm.— -Peride
Page 47 and 48: THE LEAF 31 The leaf of the Tulip P
Page 49 and 50: MARGIN OP LEAF 33 AcEROSE or ACICUL
Page 51 and 52: DURATION OF LEAVES 35 Glabrous, whe
Page 53 and 54: VERNATION 37 Oak and Willow, etc. A
Page 55 and 56: A VEETICILLASTER 39 Corymb, a short
Page 57 and 58: THE FLOWER 41 as in Clematis. In th
Page 59 and 60: THE COROLLA 43 different forms of c
Page 61 and 62: THE STAMEN SYSTEM 45 When few in nu
Page 63 and 64: THE PLACENTA 47 Compound Pistils ar
Page 65 and 66: FERTILIZATION 49 liantly colored co
Page 67 and 68: CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS 5 Where th
Page 69 and 70: THE SEED 53 The Berry is fleshy fru
Page 71 and 72: FORMATION OF ALBUMEN 55 Ezalhuminou
Page 73 and 74: NOTES
Page 75 and 76: NOTES
Page 77 and 78: APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL COLONIES 57
Page 79 and 80: ALGA-LIKE FUNGI 59 water and are of
Page 81 and 82:
THE SAC FUNGI 6 Order 3. Peronospor
Page 83 and 84:
THE LICHENS 63 Sub-class B.— Auto
Page 85 and 86:
MUSCI OR MOSSES 65 Order i. Marchan
Page 87 and 88:
FILICALES 67 stems, sheath-like who
Page 89 and 90:
SPERMATOPHYTA 69 sion of labor cont
Page 91 and 92:
Official drug ORCHID FAMILY 71
Page 93 and 94:
WILLOW FAMILY 73 Family 2. Fagace^
Page 95 and 96:
ELM FAMILY 75 forming a sheath abov
Page 97 and 98:
CASHEW FAMILY 77 Family 17. Rosacea
Page 99 and 100:
CELASTRACE^ 79 Family 21. Crucifer^
Page 101 and 102:
PASSIFLORACEjE 8 leaves, and regula
Page 103 and 104:
ZYGOPHYLLACEyE 83 of perfect, five-
Page 106 and 107:
Official drug
Page 108 and 109:
88 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY northern h
Page 110 and 111:
90 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Official d
Page 112 and 113:
92 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY pharmaceut
Page 114 and 115:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Le Maout and Decaisne'
Page 116 and 117:
NOTES
Page 118 and 119:
NOTES
Page 120 and 121:
96 Balsamum Peruvianum, 78 Tolutanu
Page 122 and 123:
98 Determinate Inflorescence, kinds
Page 124 and 125:
lOO INDEX Indian Turnip, 70 Indigo,
Page 126 and 127:
102 INDEX Myrrha, 79 Myrtaceae, 82
Page 128 and 129:
I04 INDEX Rhamnus Purshiana, 83 Fra
Page 130:
io6 INDEX Thyrsus, 39 Tissue, 3, 4
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