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50 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY plasm about them, cells walls are laid down, endosperm resulting. Germination is the beginning of growth in a seed or plant. The con- ditions favorable to germination are warmth, moisture and presence of air. The Fruit The fruit consists of the matured ovary and contents, and may include other organs of the flower external to the pistil, but connected with it, as in Clematis, where the long, feathery style renders the fruit buoyant, and, like the fruits of the Thistle and Dandelion, in which the modified calyx serves a similar purpose, is easily scattered by the wind. In the Strawberry and Quince the receptacle becomes thick and succulent, and constitutes the edible portion of the fruit. Other modifications are seen in the hooks or spines, by means of which certain fruits compel animals to assist in their dispersion. Ex.: Cocklebur, Bur- dock, Bidens, Etc. Distribution of Fruits and Seeds.—Some fruits, as the cocoanut, are transported by water currents, and are adapted to withstand for a long period the action of salt water. Another of the peculiar means provided by nature for the dissemination of seeds and fruits is that shown in the Sandbox Tree, the fruit of which is hygroscopic, and by absorption of water bursts the pericarp with such explosive force as to cause a loud report and to scatter the seeds in every direction. Birds and fruit-eating mammals, including man, also play a part in the work of distribution. Fruit Structure The Pericarp, or seed vessel, is the ripened wall of the ovary, and in general the structure of the fruit wall resembles that of the ovary, but undergoes numerous modifications in the course of development. The number of cells of the ovary may increase or decrease, the external surface may change from soft and hairy in the flower to hard, and become covered with sharp, stiff prickles, as in the Datura Stramonium or Jamestown weed. Transformations in consistence may take place and the texture of the wall of the ovary may become hard and bony, leathery, as the rind of the Orange, or assume the forms seen in the Gourd, Peach, Grape, etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS 5 Where the pericarp consists of two layers of different texture, as in the Plum, the outer layer is called exocarp, the inner, endocarp. When the external la}"er is thin, it is sometimes termed the epicaep, when the middle or inner layers are fleshy or pulpy they constitute the sarcocarp. When the endocarp within the sarcocarp is hard, forming a shell or stone, this is termed a putamen. When three concentric layers are distinguishable in a pericarp, the middle one is called mesocarp. Fruits are either Dehiscent or Indehiscent according as they discharge or retain their seeds. Dehiscent fruits open regularly, or normally. When the pericarp splits ^'ertically through the whole or a part of its length, along sutures or lines of coalescence of contiguous carpels. Legumes usually dehisce by both sutures. Irregular or abnormal dehiscence has no reference to normal sutures, as where it is transverse or circumscissUe, extending around the capsiile either entirely or forming a hinged lid, as in Hyoscyamus, or detached. Dehiscence is called porous or apical when the seeds escape through pores at the apex, as in the Poppy; valvular, when valve-like orifices form in the wall of the capsule. Valvular dehiscence is SEPTiciDAL when the constituent carpels of a pericarp become disjoined, and then open along their ventral suture; Loculicidal, dehiscence into loculi, or cells, in which each component carpel splits down its dorsal suture, and the dissepiments remain intact; Septifragal dehiscence, a breaking awa}- of the valves from the septa or partitions. Classification of Fruits (according to structure). Simple Fruits result from the ripening of a single pistil in a flower. Aggregate Fruits are the product of several distinct pistil ripen- ings in one flower, the cluster of carpels being crowded on the receptacle ing one mass, as in the Raspberry, Blackberry, and Strawberry. JMuLTiPLE Fruits are those which are the product of a flower cluster instead of a single flower. Simple Fruits are either Dry or Fleshy. The first maj- be divided into Dehiscent, those which split open when ripe; and Indehiscent, those which do not. Dry, Dehiscent, Simple and Aggregate Fruits.—The Follicle is a pod formed by a simple pistil and dehiscent by one suture, as Aconite and Staphisagria. A Legume is a pod formed by a simple pistfl and dehiscent by both sutures. The name legume is restricted to the fruits of the natural familyLeguminosae, and includes all the modifications which it represents.
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ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL U
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The original of this book is in the
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upper Iris Diaphragm Substage Ring
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(3K Copyright, 1914, by P. Blakisto
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FOREWORD In a monograph entitled "A
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X CONTENTS Pages Plant Hairs or Tei
Page 17 and 18: TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
Page 19 and 20: PROTOPLASMIC CELL CONTENTS 3 A cell
Page 21 and 22: PLANT TISSUES PLANT TISSUES A tissu
Page 23 and 24: WOODY FIBERS ill
Page 25 and 26: MEDULLARY RAYS 9 Tracheary tissue c
Page 27 and 28: ACORUS CALAMUS Fig. 8.—Transverse
Page 29 and 30: ITBEOVASCULAR BUNDLES 13 Fibrovascu
Page 31 and 32: THE ROOT 15 The ripened seed is the
Page 33 and 34: ROOT HISTOLOGY 17 2. Biennial plant
Page 35 and 36: THE BUD 19 flattened out. The peric
Page 37 and 38: (2) Periblem, forming the cortex; a
Page 39 and 40: HISTOLOGY OF ANNUAL DICOTYL STEM 23
Page 41 and 42: PERENNIAL DICOTYL STEM 25 Growth of
Page 43 and 44: LENTICELS AND THEIR FORMATION 27 Le
Page 45 and 46: PLANT HAIES 29 Periderm.— -Peride
Page 47 and 48: THE LEAF 31 The leaf of the Tulip P
Page 49 and 50: MARGIN OP LEAF 33 AcEROSE or ACICUL
Page 51 and 52: DURATION OF LEAVES 35 Glabrous, whe
Page 53 and 54: VERNATION 37 Oak and Willow, etc. A
Page 55 and 56: A VEETICILLASTER 39 Corymb, a short
Page 57 and 58: THE FLOWER 41 as in Clematis. In th
Page 59 and 60: THE COROLLA 43 different forms of c
Page 61 and 62: THE STAMEN SYSTEM 45 When few in nu
Page 63 and 64: THE PLACENTA 47 Compound Pistils ar
Page 65: FERTILIZATION 49 liantly colored co
Page 69 and 70: THE SEED 53 The Berry is fleshy fru
Page 71 and 72: FORMATION OF ALBUMEN 55 Ezalhuminou
Page 73 and 74: NOTES
Page 75 and 76: NOTES
Page 77 and 78: APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL COLONIES 57
Page 79 and 80: ALGA-LIKE FUNGI 59 water and are of
Page 81 and 82: THE SAC FUNGI 6 Order 3. Peronospor
Page 83 and 84: THE LICHENS 63 Sub-class B.— Auto
Page 85 and 86: MUSCI OR MOSSES 65 Order i. Marchan
Page 87 and 88: FILICALES 67 stems, sheath-like who
Page 89 and 90: SPERMATOPHYTA 69 sion of labor cont
Page 91 and 92: Official drug ORCHID FAMILY 71
Page 93 and 94: WILLOW FAMILY 73 Family 2. Fagace^
Page 95 and 96: ELM FAMILY 75 forming a sheath abov
Page 97 and 98: CASHEW FAMILY 77 Family 17. Rosacea
Page 99 and 100: CELASTRACE^ 79 Family 21. Crucifer^
Page 101 and 102: PASSIFLORACEjE 8 leaves, and regula
Page 103 and 104: ZYGOPHYLLACEyE 83 of perfect, five-
Page 106 and 107: Official drug
Page 108 and 109: 88 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY northern h
Page 110 and 111: 90 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY Official d
Page 112 and 113: 92 PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY pharmaceut
Page 114 and 115: BIBLIOGRAPHY Le Maout and Decaisne'
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NOTES
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NOTES
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96 Balsamum Peruvianum, 78 Tolutanu
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98 Determinate Inflorescence, kinds
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lOO INDEX Indian Turnip, 70 Indigo,
Page 126 and 127:
102 INDEX Myrrha, 79 Myrtaceae, 82
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I04 INDEX Rhamnus Purshiana, 83 Fra
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io6 INDEX Thyrsus, 39 Tissue, 3, 4
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