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SESSION NO. 9 SESSION NO. 9, 8:00 AM Thursday, 2 May 2013 Sedimentology & Stratigraphy (Posters) Schneider Hall, Courtyard 9-1 BTH 20 Thomka, James R. [218312] MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LATEST TELYCHIAN-EARLY SHEINWOODIAN (MIDDLE SILURIAN) SUCCESSION, SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA AND NORTHERN KENTUCKY: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF DIAGENETICALLY ALTERED UNITS THOMKA, James R. 1 , LIST, Daniel A. 1 , and BRETT, Carlton E. 2 , (1) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology-Physics Building, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, thomkajr@mail.uc.edu, (2) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/Physics Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013 Magnetic susceptibility (MS) values are technically independent of lithology; however, there are overarching controls on the distribution of clay minerals, coarser detrital particles, carbonate production, and diagenetic processes that genetically link MS patterns to facies shifts that can be predicted within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Silurian strata in the Cincinnati Arch region, comprising mixed carbonate-siliciclastic deposition in an epeiric ramp, provided an opportunity to test these relationships. Samples were collected from the latest Llandovery-early Wenlock Osgood, Lewisburg, and Massie Formations, as well as portions of the underlying Brassfield and overlying Laurel Formations. Bulk low-field MS measurements of irregular lithic fragments revealed consistently low values for the transgressive, carbonate-dominated Brassfield, Lewisburg, and Laurel sediments, as well as the silty to calcarenitic falling stage sediments of the upper Massie Formation. High MS values are characteristic of the clay-dominated highstand sediments of the lower Massie Formation. Most interesting, however, is the upward decrease in MS values observed within the Osgood Formation: although the entire formation is characterized by rhythmically alternating argillaceous dolostones and dolomitic mudstones, the highest MS values of the entire section occur in mudstones and tabular carbonates low in the Osgood, whereas values equal to or below those of the Lewisburg occur in mudstones and carbonates in the upper Osgood. This suggests that the dolomitized carbonates and mudstones of the lower Osgood represent highstand conditions and are highly condensed; high MS values reflect increased siliciclastic clay influx, possible oxidation of pyrite during re-working, and potentially even deposition of eolian ferromagnetic particles during sediment-starved intervals. In contrast, the upper Osgood represents falling stage conditions wherein increased influx of detrital carbonate and quartz silt resulted in low MS values. Hence, even in units where dolomitization has obscured primary sedimentary fabrics, fossil content, and other facies indicators, MS patterns can shed light on eustatic processes and differentiate between carbonates of dramatically differing origins. 9-2 BTH 21 Donoghue, Kellie [218362] FLUID INCLUSION STUDIES OF PROMINENT NATURAL FRACTURES IN THE NEW ALBANY SHALE, KENTUCKY, USA DONOGHUE, Kellie, Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1005 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, kdonoghu@indiana.edu and SCHIEBER, Juergen, Geological Sciences, Indiana University, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405 The Middle to Upper Devonian New Albany Shale is an organic-rich black shale succession that has been of economic interest since the late 1850s for its gas productions. Natural fracture sets have been observed in this succession, though little research has been conducted to determine their origin. With renewed interest since the advent and use of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, it is of particular importance to investigate existing fractures in the New Albany Shale. These fractures are from a few centimeters to more than a decimeter in width, filled with quartz and dolomite, and locally contain pockets of bitumen that must have been part of the fluids that passed through them from underlying stratigraphic intervals. The dominant fracture set is oriented NE and the conjugate set is oriented EW, consistent with the NE trending Wabash Valley fault system and the EW trending 38th parallel lineament. The fractures can be seen throughout the New Albany Shale, but are particularly prominent in outcrops near the Cincinnati Arch. Vein morphology has been affected by post-vein compaction of the New Albany Shale. The veins in the lower Blocher member appear strongly contorted, whereas veins in the overlying Camp Run and Clegg Creek members have been “telescoped” by compaction. Fluid inclusion analysis was initiated to determine the type and temperature of fluids that created the veins. Using a Linkam THGMS 600 heating-cooling stage, preliminary analysis shows that primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusion assemblages exist around and in the quartz crystals. Fluid inclusions range in size from 1 micron to 30 microns, and daughter minerals, predominantly halite, are present in the larger inclusions. No gas bubbles have yet been observed in our preliminary sample set, but this could change once a larger sample set is examined. At the moment, absence of gas bubbles is interpreted to indicate comparatively low fluid temperatures of 40°C or under. Further analysis will address the possibility of multiple episodes of fluid expulsion and vein formation in the New Albany Shale. 9-3 BTH 22 Hess, Rachel [218696] VARIATIONS OF FLAT-PEBBLE CONGLOMERATE STRATA IN HINTZE’S SECTION C AND MOUNT LAW HESS, Rachel, Geography, Geology, and Planning, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65804, rachelchess@hotmail.com, EVANS, Kevin, Geography, Geology, and Planning Department, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO 65804-0089, and DATTILO, Benjamin, Department of Geosciences, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499 Flat-pebble conglomerates (FPCs) are deposits that contain various tabular clasts of carbonate facies. They are commonly observed in strata of shallow marine successions during the Cambrian and Ordovician time periods. They are rarely found in post-Ordovician strata. Previous interpretations have suggested they are storm deposits, cycle caps, or products of sea level change. Detailed analysis of FPCs may allow better understanding of their origins, including events and processes associated with meteorite impacts, tectonic activity, superstorms, slope failures, and mass wasting events. This study examines FPCs based on intrinsic features and documents patterns of secular variation in selected Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician intervals from west-central Utah. The principal stratigraphic units include the Steamboat Pass Shale Member of the Orr Formation 12 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs (Furongian Series), upper and lower parts of the Fillmore Formation (Stairsian and Blackhillsian series), and Kanosh Shale (Mohawkian Series). Clast heterogeneity, sorting, normal or reverse grading, apparent dip and imbrications were measured though descriptions of clasts lithology, matrix lithology, lateral distribution of clasts along selected horizons, and observations of stratal architecture. Statistical analysis, clast-size frequency analysis, serial sectioning of oriented samples and petrography supplements field collections. Observations from Hintze’s Section C show various grading patterns of three distinct lithological clasts in a grainstone matrix. Clast frequency analysis and scour marks indicate a storm deposit. The features in this stratum are consistent with tsunamis; however, initial geochemical data favors a storm deposit. In contrast, the FPC from Mt. Law indicates a debris flow. This stratum tapers out, clasts features show a flow direction, and clasts are monomictic, probably derived from single strata. The differences in these two FPCs strata show multiple processes and origins. 9-4 BTH 23 Elson, Joshua D. [218349] CLASTIC DIKES WITHIN THE SWAN CREEK SANDSTONE, SOUTHWEST MISSOURI ELSON, Joshua D., LARSON, Mark O., TALARICO, Joe M., and IVES, Brandon T., Geography, Geology, Planning, Missouri State University, 901 S. National, Springfield, MO 65897, jde419@live.missouristate.edu The Swan Creek sandstone is an informal member of the Early Ordovician Cotter Dolomite in southwest Missouri. The Cotter generally is a peritidal carbonate, but laminae and interbeds of quartz grains become more prevalent near the top. The Swan Creek is the thickest of these sandstones and is present locally within the top ~20 m of the Cotter. The Swan Creek is a quartz arenite which displays herringbone and low-angle cross bedding, indicating a high-energy, nearshore depositional environment. Clastic dikes emanating from the Swan Creek intrude the Cotter’s carbonate beds at various locations in southwest Missouri, but are ubiquitous in the type area near Sparta, MO. Here dikes of various thickness cut across cross bedding within the main sandstone body and with their own sets of laminae subparallel to the dike walls. In plan view the thinner dikes form an anastomosing network resembling both shrinkage cracks and boxwork weathering, but vertically they span >2m, and the material within the dikes is heavily cemented quartz arenite that clearly originated within the Swan Creek. The age of the dikes is poorly constrained. They formed sometime during or after the Early Ordovician and before complete cementation of the main sandstone body. The larger dikes reach 15 cm in width and have a preferred northwest – southeast orientation, the same approximate orientation as the major faults in southwest Missouri. Thus, these dikes may be related to both local and regional tectonic events. 9-5 BTH 24 Wagenvelt, Kirk A. [218718] USE OF ORGANIC THERMAL ALTERATION DATA TO INVESTIGATE ANOMALOUS/ ACCELERATED MATURATION RELATED TO THE MID-CONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM, MICHIGAN BASIN, USA WAGENVELT, Kirk A., BARNES, David A., KOMINZ, Michelle A., and SAMSON, Josh B., Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, kirk.a.wagenvelt@wmich.edu Large volumes of historic hydrocarbon production (167 million m3 ; 1.4 billion barrels of petroleum and over 200 billion m3 ; 7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas) in the Michigan basin indicates the presence of major deposits of organic compound (C )-rich rock strata. Geologic processes org that control the generation of hydrocarbon deposits are either biodegradation (near surface) or by heating of the C in source rocks by geothermal processes, normally associated with org gradual, sedimentary basin subsidence and burial to significant depth in the subsurface. The Michigan Basin experienced long-lived subsidence during the Paleozoic Era with the base of the sedimentary succession now at ~5000 m. After over 100 years of commercial hydrocarbon production in the basin, the geologic controls on time-temperature dependent thermo-maturation of commercial hydrocarbons from C -rich source rock strata remain unclear. Previous studies org have observed anomalous thermal maturity of C -rich strata in the Michigan basin from org compilations of available data. More recent work has pointed to the Mid-Continent Rift system as a possible locus for most anomalous thermal maturity measurements. A detailed study is currently underway using a large, newly released organic geochemical data set in order to better document and understand the spatial distribution of anomalous thermal maturity of C -rich strata org in the basin. Maps were plotted to determine the spatial distribution of available analytical data relating to thermal maturation in the Michigan basin. The data are composed of two general sources. The first source is composed of recently published data pertaining to thermal conditions during alteration of the basin strata. The second source is newly released (from proprietary hold) analytical data generated by industry sampling of curated rock samples. The combination of the data sets provides a more comprehensive view of the spatial distribution of thermal anomalies associated with C -rich strata and possible insight to the origin of accelerated maturation org although additional sampling may be needed to document the influence of the deeply buried Mid- Continent Rift on thermal alteration. 9-6 BTH 25 Camaret, B.N [218172] DETERMINING STORM EVENTS THROUGH MICROFAUNA-DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS: A SEDIMENTOLOGIC STUDY OF PONDS ON SAN SALVADOR, BAHAMAS CAMARET, B.N, KROSSMAN, K.E., MCLEAN, Colleen, and MATTHEUS, C.R., Geological and Environmental Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, bncamaret13@gmail.com The Bahamian island of San Salvador is frequented by strong storms and hurricanes that influence deposition in coastal hypersaline ponds across the island. Cores were studied from ponds along the island’s eastern and southern shores as part of an ongoing investigation into effects of shoreline orientation and topography, coastal vegetation, and nearshore morphology on storm-sedimentation patterns. Storm deposits in these coastal ponds, traditionally recognized as sediment layers containing high sand percentages, were evaluated for their foraminiferal content to evaluate the potential of these microscopic organisms as additional storm indicators in the sediment record of San Salvador. Microscopic analysis of interpreted storm-sediment facies revealed mature and juvenile species of benthic foraminifera, which mainly inhabit reef environments around Florida and the Bahamas: Archais angulatus, Peneroplis bradyi, Laevipeneroplis proteus, and Homotrema rubrum. Their occurrence in these particular sediments suggests that these ocean-dwelling foraminifera were deposited by storm-surge and beach over-wash events, making them a suitable proxy for investigating down-core trends in storm activity in addition to grain size, which is shown to not always demark storm layers clearly from background sedimentation. Future analysis of microfauna should play an integral part in resolving San Salvador’s historic storm record. A current investigation is underway to evaluate site-specific differences in storm
deposition as a function of the aforementioned geographic variables and how these might also influence types and abundances of foraminifera. 9-7 BTH 26 Fowler, J.K. [218171] CONSTRUCTING A DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF STORM INFLUENCE FOR COASTAL PONDS OF SAN SALVADOR, BAHAMAS FOWLER, J.K., MARSEY, C.W., and MATTHEUS, C.R., Geological and Environmental Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, jkfowler@student.ysu.edu The Bahamian island of San Salvador, the eastern-most platform of the Bahamian archipelago, is subjected to frequent hurricane activity. Numerous low-energy, hypersaline ponds are scattered throughout the island’s coastal regions. High-energy storm events generate surges and high winds that create distinct sedimentologic signatures to deposits within these sediment sinks. Storm layers are distinguishable from ambient sedimentation through facies interpretation and microfossil content; whereas the stagnant ponds ordinarily only sequester organic and clay materials, storms bring in carbonate beach sand and species of foraminifera that live only in reef environments. Prior research has focused on resolving a storm history from pond cores collected along the eastern side of the island. A high degree of sedimentologic heterogeneity found within different ponds in close proximity infers that no single location contains a complete record. This is because factors such as shoreline orientation, coastal morphology, vegetation density, and nearshore bathymetry heavily influence storm-induced sedimentation. The scope of investigation is now expanded to include locations from across the island to reconcile records and elucidate a more complete history of storm influence on San Salvador. Research currently underway is reconstructing depositional patterns across the island by analyzing additional push-cores from select ponds, which will help determine temporal and spatial coherence. Requiring an accurate chronology to evaluate storm deposits within a spatio-temporal context, samples will be analyzed for Cs137 and Pb210 activity to provide information on the timing of storm activity, inferred from high-resolution grain-size and microfaunal studies. Ongoing investigations will further reconstruct island-wide depositional patterns while reconciling records to yield a more complete chronology of historic storm events in the region. SESSION NO. 10, 8:00 AM Thursday, 2 May 2013 T6. Quaternary Time Machine: Methods and Analyses of Soils and Sediments to Reveal Secrets of Past Environments (Posters) Schneider Hall, Courtyard 10-1 BTH 27 Robert, Joe [218568] LATE GLACIAL AND HOLOCENE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY REVEALED FROM CARBON, NITROGEN AND GRAIN SIZE MEASUREMENTS OF A HIGH-RESOLUTION BOG CORE FROM THE PáRAMO DE FRONTINO, COLOMBIA ROBERT, Joe, Earth Sciences, IUPUI, 723 W. Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, roberjoe@iupui.edu, BIRD, Broxton W., Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University- Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, and ESCOBAR, Jaime H., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Apartados Aereos 1569, Barranquilla, 51820, Colombia The objective of this research is to investigate late Glacial and Holocene South American summer monsoon (SASM) variability in the Northern Hemisphere tropical Andes. To accomplish this, we are developing a decadally resolved multi-proxy record from a 14 m-long peat core from the Páramo de Frontino (3460m asl) in the western cordillera of Colombia that spans the last ~17ka. Despite its vital importance as a primary freshwater source to millions people and sensitive ecosystems, the long-term history of SASM variability is poorly understood in the Northern Hemisphere. As part of an ongoing initiative to develop new high-resolution paleoclimate records from the Colombian Andes this research will help to fill a gap in knowledge that is the result of there being no published decadally resolved paleoclimate records from this region. Here, we present the initial results of carbon and nitrogen elemental abundances and isotropic variations as well as grain size measurements from the Páramo de Frontino bog core. These data complement recent work on the Páramo de Frontino core that utilized pollen and geochemical analyses (XRF) to investigate late Glacial and Holocene vegetation and climate changes at the site (Velasquez, 2005; Munoz, 2013). With these new carbon, nitrogen and grain size data, we investigate biological, geochemical and physical changes in the depositional environment at the Páramo de Frontino bog site and its watershed, which are linked to SASM variability. In addition, we explore the relationship between Northern and Southern Hemisphere SASM variability on millennial timescales. 10-2 BTH 28 Gehrman, Rachael C. [218633] HOLOCENE-SCALE TRENDS IN ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICAN SUMMER MONSOON VARIABILITY INFERRED FROM A COUPLED LAKE SYSTEM IN THE CENTRAL PERUVIAN ANDES GEHRMAN, Rachael C., Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, rcgehrma@imail.iu.edu, BIRD, Broxton W., Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, ABBOTT, Mark B., Department of Geology and Planetary Science, Univ of Pittsburgh, 4107 O’Hara St, RM 200 SRCC building, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, STANSELL, Nathan D., Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, 1090 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43202, RODBELL, Donald T., Geology, Union College, F. W. Olin Center, Schenectady, NY 12308- 3107, and STEINMAN, Byron A., Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 528 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802 The South American summer monsoon (SASM) is a major feature of the global climate system that provides fresh water to more than 350 million people in tropical South America. As the number of paleoclimate records from tropical South America has increased, our understanding of long-term SASM variability on human timescales during the Holocene has improved. Many of these studies infer changes in the SASM based on variations in the oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation (d18O ) as archived in ice cores, lake sediments and speleothems from the precip SESSION NO. 11 tropical Andes. Observational and modeling studies show that Andean d 18 O precip records are dominated by synoptic-scale changes SASM variability, leaving the local expression of Andean SASM variability poorly represented. Separating local from synoptic-scale variability is critical for a clearer understanding of how future climate trends will impact Andean water resources, which is essential for those in the Andes living at subsistence levels and for urban and agricultural centers located along the hyper-arid Pacific coast. Here, we investigate synoptic-scale and local changes in the SASM using two well-dated oxygen isotope records from Laguna Pumacocha and Laguna Pucpush, a coupled lake system in the central Peruvian Andes. Previous work on L. Pumacocha shows that evaporation exerts a negligible influence on the lake’s modern isotopic mass balance and that this has likely been the case for the Holocene. In contrast, L. Pucpush’s isotopic mass balance is influenced by evaporation, as well as variations in d 18 O precip . In order to explore local changes in humidity, we differenced the L. Pumacocha and L. Pucpush records to produce a Dd 18 O Pucpush-Pumacocha time series. With this record, we explore local changes humidity during climatically important time periods including the early Holocene, the middle Holocene Neoglacial transition at ~5ka, and the SASM maximum during the late Holocene. 10-3 BTH 29 Doucette, Ikumi D. [218714] PRELIMINARY SOIL MINERALOGY OF THE HAGHTANAKH 3 SITE, NORTHERN ARMENIA DOUCETTE, Ikumi D. and FADEM, Cynthia M., Geology, Earlham College, 801 National Rd W, Campus Drawer #132, Richmond, IN 47374, iddouce09@earlham.edu Cultural materials at Haghtanakh 3 lie within the deep soils of a volcanic bluff near the Debed River, formerly mined for what are thought to be pedogenic gypsum deposits. Field pedology of this Lower Paleolithic archaeological site revealed a series of paleosols rich in precipitates. We are currently conducting x-ray diffraction, and organic carbon, sulfate, phosphate, and carbonate content analyses of soil profile samples to better understand their mineralogy and chemistry. Initial XRD results indicate precipitates are composed of calcium phosphate and carbonate rather than sulfate. This mineralogy speaks to a soil chemical environment very different than hypothesized and has implications for the soil’s faunal artifact preservation potential. Some samples also contain allophane, which - coupled with ash found in soil micromorphological samples from a neighboring site - indicates the deposition of volcanic ash at the site and possibly throughout the region. Future soil laboratory analyses will continue to address soil formation as well as seek to understand the flow of water across and through the bluff, and the physical and chemical interaction of the sizable soil precipitate deposits with Lower Paleolithic artifacts. This geoarchaeological assessment is part of the Lori Depression Paleoanthropology Project, an interdisciplinary effort to increase our understanding of Paleolithic adaptations in this region. Our work aims to address the context and environment of archaeological occupation. The deepest excavation trench provided a combined soil profile approximately 4 m deep. When coupled with ongoing biophysical analyses and planned chronometric and stable isotope analyses, this profile will serve as a detailed paleoclimate record possibly spanning the last 1.8 Ma. 10-4 BTH 30 Nembhard, Nicole S. [218740] THERMODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION OF PEDOGENIC MINERALS AT THE PTGHAVAN 4 SITE, NORTHERN ARMENIA FADEM, Cynthia M. and NEMBHARD, Nicole S., Geology, Earlham College, 801 National Rd W, Campus Drawer #132, Richmond, IN 47374, nsnembh10@earlham.edu Precipitate masses found in the paleosols of Northern Armenia’s Debed River Valley were formerly thought to consist of gypsum; however, powder x-ray diffraction analysis has shown that similar precipitates at two Paleolithic sites (Bagratashen 1 and Haghtanakh 3) are predominantly composed of the phosphate alternative, brushite. The aim of our current research is to determine the thermodynamic and geologic processes which would favor brushite precipitation, and confirm the regional nature of these soil relationships through analysis of samples from a third site, Ptghavan 4. Our work at these three sites is part of the Lori Depression Paleoanthropology Project, which aims to understand Lower Paleolithic adaptations in this region. Soil laboratory analyses will continue to address the bulk mineralogy and chemistry of deposits at all three sites, and attend to the relationship between hydrology and pedogenesis. Overall our findings will inform the landscape context and environment of archaeological occupation. Increased understanding of the pedo-chemical environment in particular, via mineral thermodynamics, elucidates the potential for bone preservation in these site contexts. SESSION NO. 11, 8:00 AM Thursday, 2 May 2013 T10. Mapping the Glacial Geology of the Great Lakes States (Posters) Schneider Hall, Courtyard 11-1 BTH 31 Ducey, Patrick W. [218620] CORE-BASED STUDY OF ERIE LOBE TILL STRATIGRAPHY IN NORTHEASTERN INDIANA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ERIE LOBE HISTORY DUCEY, Patrick W., Indiana University Department of Geological Sciences, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-1405, pducey@indiana.edu and PRENTICE, Michael L., Indiana Geological Survey, 611 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208 The origin of fine-grained massive till deposited by the Erie lobe in prominent moraines across northeastern Indiana is problematic because of its significant thickness. The till in each of these moraines is commonly more than 20 m thick and usually explained as deposited from a deforming bed at the former ice margin during a single stillstand. Yet, most studies indicate that an individual till sheet deposited from a deforming bed is less than a meter thick. We report results from a stratigraphic study of Erie lobe till, the Lagro Formation in Indiana, based on several cores retrieved from morainal features that indicate the presence of a stratigraphy that constrains depositional mechanisms. Descriptions of the cores draw on over 120 particle-size analyses combining sieve and laser diffraction data, magnetic susceptibility data with 2 cm vertical resolution, 23 m of x-ray radiographs, and borehole gamma radiation data. X-ray radiographs were used to distinguish structures, clast imbrication, major texture changes, and bed contacts. Magnetic susceptibility correlated principally with texture. Massive beds are more common than beds inferred to exhibit a preferred clast fabric. 2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 13
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