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SESSION NO. 26 At Judson University, in the Elementary Education Program has a required course in “Conservation Education”, which is essentially an Environmental Studies Curriculum. After a week-long intense, experiential learning in Environmental education, students prepare and teach a Social Studies unit in an elementary classroom. Here again, there is a Science-Social Sciences connection. I propose to do a comparative analysis of the IGNOU and Judson University curricula for Environmental Education for elementary training and thus provide fresh ideas for pre-service and in-service training for Earth/Environmental Science teaching and learning. 26-2 8:30 AM Honeycutt, Christina Ebey [218186] INTEGRATIVE LEARNING IN A CONTENT COURSE: DEVELOPING FUTURE TEACHER UNDERSTANDING OF CORE CONCEPTS AND SCIENCE PRACTICES HONEYCUTT, Christina Ebey, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor, Chicago, IL, IL 60607, cebey1@uic.edu and VARELAS, Maria, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1040 W. Harrison, Chicago, IL 60607 The recent publication “A Framework for K-12 Science Education” by the National Research Council (2012) emphasizes three critical dimensions that should guide teaching, learning, and assessment of science: science practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. To prepare teachers to meet the expectations outlined in this framework, UIC has developed a series of interdisciplinary science content courses. One of these courses, Physical Systems in Earth and Space Science (Physical Systems), integrates core concepts from both Earth and physical science (see Ebey-Honeycutt, 2012). Physical Systems places an emphasis on integrative learning by not only addressing connections between physics, astronomy, and Earth science, but also integrating practices and crosscutting concepts into the story of these sciences. Using the Physical Systems curriculum as a model, we discuss how science practices can be integrated into courses aimed at pre-service teachers. Examples of practices outlined in the K-12 Framework include: asking questions; developing and using models; analyzing and interpreting data; and constructing explanations. The final project of the course highlights this integration. Students are given the choice of seven science narratives. They are prompted to explore not only what the scientist discovered but also how the scientist used science practices to construct a hypothesis and gather supporting evidence. Students are required to submit both a report and a graphic novel. The students used their graphic novel to illustrate their narratives with relevant scientific plots, graphs, and maps. 26-3 8:50 AM Francek, Mark [218407] ENGAGING, EASY TO INCORPORATE DEMONSTRATIONS FOR THE EARTH SCIENCE CLASSROOM FRANCEK, Mark, Geography, Central Michigan University, Dow 285, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, Mark.Francek@cmich.edu Pre-service teachers can acquire greater understanding of course material when traditional lectures and lesson plans are combined with interactive demonstrations. Demonstrations have the capacity to promote student interest, stimulate inquiry, and render abstract earth science concepts more concrete. The three steps in interactive demonstrations: prediction, experience, and reflection move the student beyond the role of passive observer, encouraging the student to challenge or confirm prior beliefs in light of the demonstration. The author will display a number of easy to incorporate demonstrations for weather, geology, astronomy, and hydrology. 26-4 9:10 AM Feig, Anthony D. [218157] MACGYVER WEEK AND OTHER NOVEL TASKS IN A METHODS CLASS FOR PRESERVICE EARTH SCIENCE TEACHERS FEIG, Anthony D. and COOPERRIDER, Leah, Department of Geography, Central Michigan University, CMU DOW 278, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, anthony.feig@cmich.edu Methods courses are typically the first (and all too often the last) opportunity for preservice teachers to integrate content knowledge with training in writing lesson plans and conducting presentations. Writing and running mock trials of lesson plans are important, but methods classes lend themselves to a variety of other experiential methods, especially in unplanned and/or spontaneous formats. Such activities can be cooperative, collaborative, or individualistic, and can hone skills and move students out of their comfort zones. Several tasks are described: during MacGyver Week, students are given a random assortment of materials scavenged from instructional laboratories, and they must devise relevant demonstrations of Earth/physical science processes. During the Microteach, students are assigned an Earth science topic and must focus on a fundamental scientific principle. The Nanoteach is similar in format, but more tightly focused and more kinesthetic. Students narrate uncaptioned Earth science graphics during Explain-the-Figure Day. To study the teaching of evolution, students read the Kitzmiller V. Dover legal decision and conduct an asynchronous, guided discussion. Some patterns emerge from the application of these tasks. Students are able to replicate compelling demonstrations during MacGyver Week, but are often at a loss to explain the fundamental scientific concept(s) behind the demos. Elementary education (ELE) students show greater skill and comfort than secondary (SEC) students in spontaneous activity, but generally lower levels of content knowledge. SEC students are more resistant to spontaneity and activities that allow for little planning time. All students express some degree of dissonance between the methods setting and a “real classroom.” This translates into some students not following up on their content gaps/delivery deficiencies. Regardless, tudents do engage in metacognitive reflection, thinking about a teacher’s workload by classifying themselves as either “planners” or “wingers.” 26-5 9:30 AM Cooperrider, Leah [218179] REFLECTIONS FROM AN UNDERGRADUATE PRESERVICE EARTH SCIENCE TEACHER COOPERRIDER, Leah1 , FEIG, Anthony D. 1 , and FRANCEK, Mark2 , (1) Department of Geography, Central Michigan University, CMU DOW 278, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, coope2lm@cmich.edu, (2) Geography, Central Michigan University, Dow 285, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 There are numerous misconceptions about many topics in the field of Earth science. These include seasonality, groundwater, the water cycle, ozone, the greenhouse effect, and cloud composition. Undergraduate preservice training in both science content and science methods courses often ignores misconceptions or only mentions them indirectly. Research shows that some preservice teachers maintain these misconceptions into their careers, perpetuating the cycle of erroneous knowledge. Preservice teachers who receive extensive training in theory and foundations are often at a loss when it comes to applying those theories, writing lessons and classroom management. 58 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Preservice field experience typically consists of observation, “midtier” and student teaching experiences. However, placements are often made unrelated to students’ majors. This creates internal dissonance for many students that may lead to their attrition. The following recommendations are made based on student experience. Students should actively participate in their learning by communicating what they want to learn and by seeking guidance and assistance from faculty. Students should also convey when they are struggling and express their thought processes about topics. Faculty in content courses should actively address misconceptions in their teaching. Faculty in methods courses must train preservice teachers in strategies for addressing misconceptions and reducing their persistence among young learners. Methods courses should also train students to address and respond to the religiosity of students and parents, especially in rural settings. One way to accomplish these goals is through an advanced methods course, or an apprenticeship/shadow experience with science faculty in a college classroom. 26-6 9:50 AM Ludwig, Matthew A. [218730] WE COULD ALL USE A LITTLE “CPR” TO RESUSCITATE OUR CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT LUDWIG, Matthew A., The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University, 3325 Wood Hall, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, matthew.a.ludwig@wmich.edu This session will be a short workshop on implementing peer evaluation using the Calibrated Peer Review website. Calibrated Peer Review is an instructional website that allows instructors to assign, collect, and evaluate complex writing assignments. For each CPR cycle, students submit assignment text electronically, review calibrations of instructor produced work samples, and finally anonymously evaluate randomly assigned anonymized peer work samples. Although CPR was born in science courses, CPR is discipline and level independent. CPR has been successfully implemented by the author in secondary general and elementary science methods courses. CPR provides the ideal solution to reach at least three important goals. 1) Students are required to read and analyze their peers efforts. 2) Pre-service teachers are given an authentic opportunity to evaluate real student work. 3) A significant portion of the grading workload is meaningfully offloaded onto the students. The remainder of the talk will be a short tutorial of the CPR website. SESSION NO. 27, 8:00 AM Friday, 3 May 2013 T15. Paleontology as a Murder Mystery: How the Study of Predation and Taphonomy Reveals the Means, Motives & Opportunities of Ancient Perpetrators and Their Victims Fetzer Center, Room 2040 27-1 8:00 AM El-Sherif, Noran [218563] PALEOECOLOGY OF THE DECLINE OF STROMATOLITES IN THE ORDOVICIAN EL-SHERIF, Noran, 2209-6 Zink Rd, Fairbourn, OH 45234, el-sherif.2@wright.edu A stromatolite is a “laminated benthic microbial deposit.” Its uniqueness arises from surviving since 3.5 billion years ago, and never disappearing. Stromatolites recorded a peak time during the Mesoproterozoic (from 1600 to 1000 Ma), after which it witnessed abrupt rises and falls in abundance with the steepest decline in the Ordovician period (from 495 to 443 Ma), from which it never recovered from until the present day. A number of researchers have hypothesized the reasons behind the decline of stromatolites, but a consensus has not been reached yet. Thus the decline of stromatolites remains an enigma to be solved. Additionally, a literature gap exists regarding the reasons that specifically led to the Ordovician decline. Accordingly, the focus of this literature-based MSc. thesis is to find the reasons that led to the stromatolites decline in the Ordovician – through merging abiotic and biotic palaeoecological tools of that time – an approach that has not been implemented before in the study of stromatolites. 27-2 8:20 AM Dattilo, Benjamin [218788] FROM LAGERSTÄTTE TO LAG: PRELIMINARY BEDDING-SCALE TAPHONOMIC AND GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHATE DISTRIBUTION IN THE CINCINNATIAN DATTILO, Benjamin1 , FREEMAN, Rebecca L. 2 , GERKE, Tammie L. 3 , BRETT, C.E. 4 , MCLAUGHLIN, Patrick I. 5 , SCHRAMM, Thomas J. 6 , MEYER, David L. 7 , MORSE, Aaron8 , and MASON, Milam4 , (1) Department of Geosciences, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd, Fort Wayne, IN 46805-1499, dattilob@ipfw.edu, (2) Earth & Environmental Sciences Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, (3) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, (4) Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/Physics Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0013, (5) Bedrock Division, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Rd, Madison, WI 53705-5100, (6) Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, E235 Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, (7) Dept of Geology, Univ of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, (8) Department of Geological Sciences, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Ave, Muncie, IN 47306 Phosphate particles in the Upper Ordovician (Cincinnatian) of the Cincinnati region are common, originate as
distribution of P and other elements was determined by scanning XRF analysis of polished slabs and by SEM/EDS analysis of polished thin sections. These analyses revealed interesting relationships between fossils and P. Live-buried fossils and calcareous concretions formed around such fossils are enriched in P compared to surrounding silt or mud. This P is associated with concentric rings of pyrite and/or Mn. Winnowed shell beds contain visibly recognizable grains with far higher P concentrations than those of articulated remains, yet some disarticulated columnals contain similarly high concentrations of P only in the stereom around the lumen. These observations suggest that obrution of macrofossils contributed and/or fixed P in the sediment, and that P was mobile after deposition. The concordance between P and pyrite or Mn confirms that Eh gradients influenced precipitation. The fact that visibly-high concentrations of P are limited to disarticulated remains may signify that phosphogenesis progresses over cycles of winnowing, but the similarly high concentration of P in the lumen regions of some disarticulated columnals hints that the process was initiated in the earliest stages of decay when organic-rich lumenal tissues were still present. 27-3 8:40 AM Babcock, Loren E. [218789] CARNIVOROUS TRILOBITES: MORPHOLOGIC, ICHNOLOGIC, AND TAPHONOMIC EVIDENCE BABCOCK, Loren E., School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall Laboratory, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, loren.babcock@geol.lu.se and BRANDT, Danita S., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 Mounting evidence from polymerid trilobites and their trace fossils suggests that many, and perhaps the majority, of taxa were active predators or scavengers. Morphologic evidence from the exoskeleton includes attachment mechanisms allowing active movement of the hypostome, and in some, hypostome morphology (e.g., forked serrated blades capable of slicing prey). Spiny appendages may have assisted in restraining prey. Numerous Rusophycus-Planolites trace fossil associations representing the interactions of trilobites and ‘worms’ provide clear documentation of trilobite attack strategy and prey manipulation. A large variety of Rusophycus predation traces are now known. The trilobites’ incursions into the sediment for purposes of feeding are remarkably precise, suggesting that chemosensory skills may have played a large role in locating prey that was concealed within sediment. Fossilized alimentary tracts, preserved through early diagenetic mineralization, provide another source of information about trilobite ‘paleogastronomy,’ the dietary habits of trilobites. Numerous trilobites are now known to preserve digestive tracts, and nearly all have mineralized (not sediment-filled or sclerite-filled) guts. This implies that the guts were fluid-filled at the time of death and burial, a condition common in extant carnivorous arachnomorph arthropods. 27-4 9:00 AM Brandt, Danita S. [218616] ICHNOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR PREDATORY TRILOBITES: HOW LITERALLY CAN WE READ THE RECORD? BRANDT, Danita S., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, brandt@msu.edu Superimposition of trilobite trace fossils (Rusophycus) with “worm” burrows (e.g, Paleophycus) is used to support interpretations of trilobite predatory behavior. However, the stratigraphic range of these “trilobite hunting burrows” is not entirely coincident with the stratigraphic range of trilobite taxa presumed to have been predatory, based on the morphological criterion of having had spinose gnathobases. Trilobites with spinose gnathobases reportedly range from the Cambrian through the Permian; Rusophycus is also known over the same range. Trilobite/worm burrow associations are relatively rare. Specimens interpreted as showing this predator/prey interaction have been described from four different stratigraphic localities ranging from the Cambrian to the Silurian. If trilobites with spinose gnathobases were predatory, why are there no trilobite hunting burrows from post-Silurian strata? If the correlation of possession of spinose gnathobases with a predatory habit is causal, then a literal reading of the fossil record of trilobite hunting burrows suggests that our characterization of post-Silurian trilobite limbs is incomplete, and that, after the Silurian, trilobites did not occupy the predator niche. The elimination of this trophic option would have reflected the reduction of trilobite diversity through the Mid-to-Late Paleozoic. 27-5 9:20 AM Peteya, Jennifer A. [218506] DIETARY PREFERENCES OF THE CAMBRIAN TRILOBITE ELRATHIA KINGII: INFERENCES FROM FOSSILIZED DIGESTIVE TRACTS PETEYA, Jennifer A. and BABCOCK, Loren E., School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, 275 Mendenhall Laboratory, 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, peteya.2@ osu.edu Specimens of the common trilobite Elrathia kingii from the Wheeler Formation (Cambrian Series 3) of western Utah were studied for their digestive tract contents using standard microscopic, computed tomographic (CT) imaging, and microtomographic (micro-CT) imaging techniques. Specimens showing fossilized alimentary tracts are complete dorsal exoskeletons retaining the librigenae, preserved in cone-in-cone calcite concretions. Examined specimens have collapsed glabellas that approximate the margins of the stomach cavity. Remains of the digestive system are outlined by a thin crust of pyrite, perhaps reflecting early mineralization of a biofilm associated with decay early in the taphonomic process. Similar pyritic crusts have been observed on the hypostome and near the exoskeletal margin. A circular stomach is located in the anterior part of the glabella, and it is followed by a thin, slightly tapering tube that extends the length of the axis. Neither sediment fill nor macerated sclerites have been found in the gut of E. kingii, which tends to rule out the possibility that this trilobite was either a sediment deposit-feeder or a scleriteingesting durophagous carnivore. Instead, the presence of an open, pyrite-lined gut suggests a fluid-filled alimentary tract at the time of death, and implies a carnivorous feeding strategy involving separation of the skeletal parts of prey prior to ingestion. 27-6 9:40 AM Devera, Joseph [218330] DEATH BY COMMON HOUSEHOLD TOOLS: MECHANICAL ANALOGY AND THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HYPOSTOME IN GENUS ISOTELUS (DEKAY) EVIDENCE FROM ISOTELUS IOWENSIS (OWEN) DEVERA, Joseph, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, 5776 Coal Drive, Suite 121, Carterville, IL 62918, j-devera@illinois.edu The forked morphology of the hypostome in the Genus Isotelus (DeKay) is analogous to the common straight claw hammer. The claw portion of the hammer is strikingly similar in form and function to that of the isotelid hypostome. Cross-sections of both isotelid hypostome and claw hammer reveal a flat to slightly curved ventral surface and a beveled, dorsal surface on the inner SESSION NO. 27 side of each tine. The notch of the fork in the hypostome narrows toward the anterior end of the structure, identical to a claw hammer. This morphology implies a prying function for the isotelid hypostome. The forked morphology together with the partially arched, enrollment habit observed in Isotelus iowensis(Owen) fossils, suggests a dual prying/digging habit for feeding purposes. All isotelid cephalons are convex, spade-like and were well adapted for digging in soft, lime-mud environments where they are typically preserved. This idea supports the predatory habits for asaphid trilobites proposed by Forety and Owens. Isotelid species including I. maximus, I. gigas, I. rex and I. iowensis all attain a relatively large size compared to other trilobites. This relates to food intake that had high nutritional value. A number of specimens of I. iowensis have been found in association with Chondrites isp. burrows. In the Maquoketa Shale, a distal tempestite bed containing anoxic mud (now pyritic shale) yields trilobites “frozen” in time. They appear to have been feeding at the level of an abundance of Chondrites isp.burrows. The forked shape of the isotelid hypostome was an adaptation for infaunal polychete worm extraction. The flattened shovel-like cephalon was well adapted for digging into soft sediment. The morphological fits between common household tools i.e. claw hammer and spade and the hypostome and cephalon in the Genus Isotelus is remarkable. This strategy made the isotelids highly successful as predators on and in muddy infaunal environments. 27-7 10:20 AM Drumheller, Stephanie K. [218637] NO ANIMAL WAS SAFE IN THE TRIASSIC: MULTIPLE PREDATION ATTEMPTS ON A LARGE (5-6 METER) CARNIVOROUS “RAUISUCHIAN” FROM THE LATE TRIASSIC OF NEW MEXICO DRUMHELLER, Stephanie K., Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Tennessee, 306 EPS Building, 1412 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, sdrumhel@utk.edu, STOCKER, Michelle R., Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0254, and NESBITT, Sterling, Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605 Hypotheses of past diets and feeding behaviors are informed by important, but rare, direct evidence of trophic interactions in the fossil record (e.g. bite marks). We present evidence of three independent predation events on a single femur from a large loricatan (=”rauisuchian”) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (~210 MYA). The predation events consist of 1) at least one failed predation attempt by a large phytosaur; 2) a feeding event by a large predator at or soon after death; and 3) a second possible feeding event peri- or postmortem. Evidence of the first attack is in the form of partially healed punctures and a large embedded tooth crown (>5 cm in length based on CT data) in the proximolateral portion of the femur. We identify the tooth as phytosaurian based on a rounded cross section and a straight long axis. Reaction tissue in the punctures and surrounding the tooth indicates that the loricatan survived those injuries. The second event is represented by a group of bite marks on opposing sides of the femur; all are roughly 8 by 5 mm in size and fusiform, indicating that the trace maker’s teeth were laterally compressed and had carinae that possibly were serrated. The spacing and morphology of these marks indicates that the actor was a large predator, but the taxonomic identification is unclear. These bite marks exhibit obvious impact trauma with no reaction tissue, indicating that the attack occurred at or near time-of-death. The third event consists of scores present near midshaft that are oriented roughly perpendicular to the long axis of the femur. No reaction tissue is present, which suggests that this event also occurred at or after time-of-death. This specimen provides a rare opportunity to interpret ancient feeding and predation by multiple actors on a single prey animal over a period of the life and death history of that individual. Our analysis of this specimen indicates 1) loricatans had the potential to survive major predation attacks and 2) seemingly top predators clearly were targeted by other members of the fauna. Though the Late Triassic loricatans often are interpreted as top terrestrial predators in part because of their large size (most loricatans are ~3-6 m total length), the attacks recorded by this specimen demonstrate that size alone should not be the sole factor in determining trophic status. 27-8 10:40 AM Peterson, Joseph E. [218101] FLUVIAL TRANSPORT POTENTIAL OF ARCHOSAUR TEETH: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION IN SHED TOOTH TAPHONOMY PETERSON, Joseph E. and COENEN, Jason, Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Harrington Hall 211, Oshkosh, WI 54901, petersoj@uwosh.edu The rate of tooth replacement in dinosaurs has been well-studied as a part of paleobiology. The tooth replacement rates for sauropods have been determined to be very rapid, replacing teeth in as little as 30 days. Theropods have a considerably lower replacement rate, replacing teeth over a nine-month span. In the Late Jurassic Morrison formation the shed teeth of large theropods such as Allosaurus are more abundant than the shed teeth of sauropods. However, this is at odds with the relatively higher abundance of sauropod skeletal remains. While this disparity may be due to ecological or behavioral influences, such as predator/prey ratios or migratory strategies, taphonomic processes, such as fluvial transport potential, may also be influential. To investigate taphonomic influences on shed tooth abundances, an experiment was designed to test the fluvial transport potential of shed theropod and sauropod teeth. Teeth of Alligator mississipiensis were utilized to model dinosaur teeth; shed crowns of A. mississippiensis represented conicalshaped theropod teeth, and full teeth were used to model peg-shaped teeth of diplodocids. Teeth were placed in a recirculating flume parallel to flow and measured for entrainment velocity and relative transport distance prior to burial. Preliminary results show a significant difference in the entrainment velocities of shed theropod and diplodocid teeth. Sauropod teeth exhibit greater relative transport distances with increases in flow velocity, while theropod teeth show variable relative transport distances and entrainment velocities; theropod teeth are transported farthest at a relatively low velocity (14.2 cm/sec). Based on these preliminary data, distinct differences are expected in the preservation conditions and abundances of shed teeth; sauropod teeth are expected to be more abundant in the fossil record, and perhaps found as lag clusters while theropod teeth are expected to be in lower relative abundance and exhibit abrasion and fracturing due to prolonged transport. Further investigations are planned to expand flume experiments with resin casts of larger teeth of Allosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus to more accurately model tooth shape. 27-9 11:00 AM Noto, Christopher [218496] PREDATORY BEHAVIOR OF A GIANT CROCODYLIFORM FROM THE WOODBINE FORMATION (CENOMANIAN) OF TEXAS NOTO, Christopher, Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, 900 Wood Rd, PO Box 2000, Kenosha, WI 53141, noto@uwp.edu, MAIN, Derek J., Earth and Environmental Science, University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19049, 500 Yates St, Arlington, TX 76019, DRUMHELLER, Stephanie K., Department of Geoscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, and KING, Lorin, Dept. of Science, Math and Physical Education, Western Nebraska Community College, 1601 E. 27th Street, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 There is little direct evidence of feeding behavior in Mesozoic crocodyliforms. Here we report the remains of a possible crocodyliform feeding ground from the Cretaceous of Texas. The fossil 2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 59
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