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SESSION NO. 28 ages (AEY) to create a trend for use with only isolate tusks when the rest of the anatomy is disarticulated or not associated. I expect more accurate age profiles of kill sites and natural death scenarios because this method would encompass a larger portion of the population that was not accounted for due to missing anatomical features. In addition, it would save specimens from destructive age dating techniques that may be utilized on the tusks otherwise. 28-40 BTH 40 Endicott, Robert E. [218757] CERAMIC PETROLOGY AND SOIL MICROMORPHOLOGY OF THE DANILO BITINJ AND POKROVNIK SITES, DALMATIA, CROATIA FADEM, Cynthia M. and ENDICOTT, Robert E., Geology, Earlham College, 801 National Rd W, Campus Drawer #132, Richmond, IN 47374, fademcy@earlham.edu Ongoing analysis of materials from the Danilo Bitinj and Pokrovnik sites is part of the Early Farming in Dalmatia Project, an interdisciplinary effort toward understanding the origins of European agriculture. These Neolithic sites host ceramic, faunal, and lithic artifacts. Danilo Bitinj is the type-site for the Danilo Phase of the Middle Neolithic. As such it has long been recognized for its archaeological significance and appreciated for its rich ceramic record. Earlier work on ceramic samples and thin sections yielded a typology based on paste and temper attributes. Spectroscopic and petrologic analyses focused on fabric type, mineral inclusion type and diversity, and inclusion size. Preliminary petrologic and x-ray diffraction analyses indicated ceramic raw materials may have been sourced on-site. Our current work expands this investigation to include a high-resolution soil XRD dataset and further soil micromorphology. We are also re-examining ceramic thin sections and using appearance in thin section and bulk mineralogy to compare natural and cultural materials. Petrologic analysis confirms mineralogical uniformity amongst soil and ceramic samples, the chief constituents being quartz and calcite. Comparative analysis allows better understanding of the relationship between Dalmatian Neolithic soil materials and ceramic artifacts. Confirmation of the ceramic typology also enables archaeological analysis of the pottery assemblages from these sites and provides a framework for analysis of Early and Middle Neolithic ceramic assemblages in the region. SESSION NO. 29, 1:30 PM Friday, 3 May 2013 T5. Quaternary Research in the Great Lakes Region II: The Holocene, Part II Fetzer Center, Putney Auditorium 29-1 1:30 PM Van Dam, Remke L. [218666] DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE LAKE ST. CLAIR DELTA, MICHIGAN, USING GEOPHYSICS AND CORES VAN DAM, Remke L., Department of Geological Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Science Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, rvd@msu.edu, STORMS, Joep E.A., Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft, 2628 CN, Netherlands, and YANSA, Catherine H., Department of Geography, Michigan State University, 227 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1117 Lake St. Clair, located between Michigan and Ontario, is the smallest of the Great Lakes. The evolution of Lake St. Clair has been influenced by Late-Wisconsin ice re-advances, isostacy, and changes in outlet points of the Great Lakes system during deglaciation. A shift to the Port Huron outlet during the Nipissing-I highstand around 5500 years BP, prior to which Lake St. Clair was a separate basin, resulted in Lake Huron/Michigan draining through the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers to Lake Erie. Loss of stream competence at the inflow of Lake St. Clair led to the formation of a deltaic system, which currently has a surface area of approximately 230 km2 . Compared to the other Great Lakes, the postglacial history of the lake and depositional history of the delta are poorly studied. We used coring, ground-penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity methods to characterize this deltaic system. Our results show four main depositional phases. The sequence starts with Wisconsin-age glacial till (Phase I), followed by late glacial (glacio-) lacustrine deposits (Phase II). Phase III is an Early Holocene swamp environment (Scirpus & Brassicaceae seeds were dated at 9620 +/- 50 years BP). Phase IV is a typical coarsening upward delta progradation sequence with lacustrine clays, silts and sands. A paleosol (Eleocharis & Scirpus seeds dated at 1630 +/- 50 years BP) in the upper part of the deltaic sequence indicates a possible lake-level low. 29-2 1:50 PM Fulton, Albert E. [218486] HOLOCENE PALEOZOOLOGICAL RECORDS OF THE ALLEGHENY WOODRAT (NEOTOMA MAGISTER) AT THE NORTHEASTERN PERIPHERY OF ITS FORMER RANGE: A BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS FULTON, Albert E. II, Department of Geography, Michigan State University, 673 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI 48824-1117, fultona2@msu.edu Bones of the regionally-extirpated Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) have been recovered from zooarchaeological and paleontological contexts in Holocene-age deposits at twelve cave and rockshelter sites at the northeastern periphery of its former range in New York State and Connecticut. Analysis of the physical characteristics and geographic context of these sites indicates a species preference for areas with extensive rock outcrop and talus, particularly those containing carbonate, conglomerate, sandstone, and gneiss bedrock. Paleofaunas associated with woodrat fossils demonstrate an affinity with the historically dominant oakchestnut climax forest association, although some paleofaunas indicate the local presence of mixed conifer-northern hardwood forests. Radiocarbon age estimates of woodrat bones are at present unavailable, although indirect age estimates based on stratigraphic provenience indicate the presence of woodrats in the region since at least 8290±100 14C yrs B.P. Many Holocene paleozoological occurrences are either located beyond the species’ known historic distributional limits or are situated in areas of marginal habitat outside of known historic metapopulations. A geographic information systems (GIS) analysis of the study area using digitized soil survey data indicates soil map units containing extensive areas of rock outcrop – a critical limiting factor in Allegheny woodrat distribution – constitute potentially suitable woodrat habitat. By combining digitized soils data with historic woodrat records and paleozoological occurrences, four historic and two prehistoric metapopulations have been delineated that refine and expand the probable extent of the woodrat’s former Holocene range within the region. By the time of the woodrat’s extirpation in New York State in 1987, only two of the six metapopulations were still active. The 66 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs relationship between woodrat metapopulation expansion and contraction and palynological records of changes in regional forest composition during the Holocene is explored. 29-3 2:10 PM Loope, Henry M. [218305] EARLY HOLOCENE EOLIAN ACTIVITY, HURON MOUNTAINS, UPPER MICHIGAN LOOPE, Henry M. 1 , LIESCH, Matthew E. 2 , LOOPE, Walter L. 3 , JOL, Harry M. 4 , GOBLE, Ronald J. 5 , ARNEVIK, Arik L. 4 , and LEGG, Robert J. 6 , (1) Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 N. Park St, 160 Science Hall, Madison, WI 53706, loope@wisc.edu, (2) Department of Geography and Institute for Great Lakes Research, Central Michigan University, Dow Science Complex 284, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, (3) United States Geological Survey, N8391 Sand Point Road, P.O. Box 40, Munising, MI 49862, (4) Department of Geography and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54702, (5) Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 214 Bessey Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, (6) Earth, Environmental and Geographical Sciences Department, Northern Michigan University, 3113 New Science Facility, 1401 Presque Isle Avenue, Marquette, MI 49855 Multiple lines of evidence document dry climatic conditions in the upper Great Lakes region during the early Holocene (ca. 9 ka), including hydrologic closure of lakes in the Michigan, Huron and Superior basins. The terrestrial response to early Holocene dry climate was recently investigated in eastern Upper Michigan through optical (OSL) dating of eolian sand. Ages from eastern Upper Michigan document dune activity and synchronous reduction in ground cover between 10 and 8 ka (Loope et al., 2012). This project, located within the Huron Mountains in west-central Upper Michigan, aims to extend the potential spatial distribution of terrestrial response to early Holocene dry climate. Data collection included: 1) surficial geological mapping through use of soil survey data and bucket augering, 2) nine ground penetrating radar (GPR) transects totaling three kilometers in length documenting subsurface stratigraphy, 3) highresolution topographic mapping of a large (10 m high) parabolic dune using a total station, 4) collection of six samples for optical dating of eolian sand from three sites, 5) particle size analysis of eolian and glaciolacustrine sediments. Results from augering, GPR, topographic surveying, and particle size analysis indicate eolian sand (from 0 to >6 m in thickness) overlies coarse-grained (medium sand to pebbles) and fine-grained (fine silt) glaciolacustrine sediment. We interpret the glaciolacustrine sediment as nearshore (coarse-grained) and offshore (finegrained) deposits of an unnamed glacial lake that stood at ca. 255 m asl in the study area. Based on its altitude and location north of the Yellow Dog Plains (presumed Marquette Stadial ice margin ca. 11,500 cal yr BP), the unnamed glacial lake existed sometime between 11,500 and 10,600 cal yr BP. Optical ages on eolian sand range between 9.6 and 8.6 ka (mean of 9.2 ka), indicating a gap between glacial lake drainage and eolian activity. Optical ages from the Huron Mountains are in alignment with those from eastern Upper Michigan, suggesting a westward extension of dune activity and terrestrial response to early Holocene dry climate. 29-4 2:30 PM Brinks, Linden E. [218452] THE EFFECTS OF TWO FALL STORMS ON A LAKE MICHIGAN FOREDUNE BRINKS, Linden E., GERBER, Kathryn E., SIN, Jen-Li, SWINEFORD, Jacob T., and ZAPATA, Alek K., Geology, Geography, and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201 Burton SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, leb25@students.calvin.edu Storms have an effect in shaping beach-dune systems but few studies describe specific effects of storms on a foredune environment. We studied changes that autumn storms made to a foredune located at P.J. Hoffmaster State Park on the east coast of Lake Michigan. We used a number of methods including on-site anemometers and a wind vane, erosion pins, GPS, photos, observations, and storm data from the National Weather Service. Two storms were observed during our study period with a week of lower wind speeds between them. The first storm, remnants of Hurricane Sandy, lasted several days with very strong winds and little precipitation. The second storm had more precipitation, was shorter in duration, and had higher maximum wind speeds. During the storms, high waves reduced the wind’s access to loose sand on the beach. Nevertheless, there were large amounts of sand transport from the backbeach to the foredune with deposition occurring on the windward slope of the dune. Both storms were responsible for a significant amount of dune change, whereas very little change took place in the week between the storms. 29-5 2:50 PM Fisher, Timothy G. [218613] TEMPORALLY CONSTRAINED AEOLIAN SAND SIGNALS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO CLIMATE, OXBOW LAKE, SAUGATUCK, MICHIGAN BACA, Kira J. 1 , FISHER, Timothy G. 2 , and GOTTGENS, Johan F. 1 , (1) Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street MS604, Toledo, OH 43606, (2) Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, MS #604, Toledo, OH 43606, timothy.fisher@utoledo.edu Interrelationships among late Holocene climate, the dynamics of coastal dunes and sedimentation in adjacent small lakes along coasts of the upper Great Lakes have been studied for over a decade. Nonetheless, many questions remain as to relationships between climate variability and dune activity. In this study wind, temperature, precipitation, drought, evaporation, and lake level are correlated individually with 210Pb/ 137Cs/ 7Be dated sand deposits from core samples taken in a small lake in the lee side of small dune ridges near Saugatuck, Michigan. Linear regressions were run to evaluate the strength of their relationship year-by-year, and at offsets of one to two years. Visual correlations were also attempted by evaluating the trends in the annual data sets. While year-by-year R2 values were not strong, or mixed results made them inconclusive, visually examined trends showed more promising correlations. The strongest correlations exist among sand percent by weight, winter drought, and lake level. While small discrepancies among trends occur, results show a relationship among rising or high lake levels, wet conditions, and strong eolian activity (based on increased presence of sand in lake sediment). The implications of this research are that dune activity is linked to periods of wet conditions and storminess. Results can be used as a modern analogue for coastal dune activity during times of high lake level. 29-6 3:30 PM Grote, Todd [218695] HOLOCENE FLOODPLAIN EVOLUTION IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA GROTE, Todd, Department of Geography and Geology, Eastern Michigan University, 205 Strong Hall, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, tgrote@emich.edu Multiple cutbank and back-hoe trench exposures throughout the French Creek watershed in northwestern Pennsylvania were used to reconstruct floodplain evolution during the Holocene. Two distinct stratigraphic units are recognized within the French Creek watershed; a prehistoric unit and a historic unit of post-settlement alluvium (PSA). Land conversion from forest to largely agricultural cover beginning in the late 1700s and peaking in the mid to late 1800s is largely responsible for the production and deposition of PSA as modern point bars and vertically accreted
alluvium. Usually a distinctive dark, and sometimes over-thickened, buried A horizon developed in fine-grained vertical accretion deposits marks the contact between the prehistoric and historic units within vertical stratigraphic exposures. Thirteen 14 C assays derived from the French Creek floodplain and two tributaries suggest the prehistoric alluvial fills are multi-aged, a phenomenon typical along laterally mobile, meandering streams. Numerous archaeological sites and pedological data suggest a relatively stable floodplain environment for the past several thousand years. The dark prehistoric soil that usually separates the historic and prehistoric stratigraphic units, or is at other times the surface soil, may be the product of Native American utilization of the floodplain environment. Although archaeological and pedological evidence indicates some patches of pre-late Holocene alluvium exist, a lack of widespread alluvium older than ~ 4-5 ka suggests that lateral migration has removed much of the earlier Holocene fill. The removal of alluvium from the alluvial valley has thus hindered a thorough understanding of geomorphic, paleoenvironmental and archaeological records. 29-7 3:50 PM Karsten, James W. [218698] SAND TRANSPORT AND VEGETATION ON TWO LAKE MICHIGAN COASTAL BLOWOUTS KARSTEN, James W., LEPAGE, Gabriel, MESSINA, Michael G., SHISLER, Daniel Jay, and SMITH, Jory, Geology, Geography, and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201 Burton St, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, jwk9@students.calvin.edu Sand transport and vegetation are very important influences on blowout evolution, but not much research has been done on how these two elements affect Lake Michigan coastal blowouts. This study investigated the patterns of vegetation and sand transport on two large, saucer-type blowouts in Fall 2012. The study location was Kitchel-Lindquist Dunes Preserve in Ottawa County, Michigan, which is separated from Lake Michigan by a road and a row of houses. A variety of methods were used including erosion pins, sand traps, GPS mapping, and observation and classification of vegetation. The two blowouts are active, with significant sand movement over the rims from the southwest in the direction of the prevailing winds. There was no sand observed moving into the dune system from the west, so any sand transported was being reworked locally. The wind patterns and areas of erosion and deposition within the blowouts were variable. The floors of the blowouts were bare sand and the vegetation was concentrated on the rims and leeward slopes. The vegetation observed was mostly American Beach Grass (Ammophila brevilugata) and Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). The plant communities suggest the blowouts are relatively young(less than 200 years old) and the area was stable before blowout development. The geomorphology of the Kitchel-Lindquist blowouts and others like them is dynamic, and more study is needed to better understand the processes at work in these coastal landforms. 29-8 4:10 PM Monaghan, G. William [218748] MILLENNIAL-SCALE CYCLES OF COASTAL DUNE FORMATION DURING THE LATE HOLOCENE, LAKE MICHIGAN MONAGHAN, G. William1 , ARBOGAST, Alan F. 2 , LOVIS, William A. 3 , and KOWALSKI, Daniel2 , (1) Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana Univ, 423 North Fess Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, gmonagha@indiana.edu, (2) Geography, Michigan State University, 121 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, (3) Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 354 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824 Published OSL (n=107) and 14C (n=123) assays from the northern and eastern shores of Lake Michigan indicate that coastal dunes were constructed during six episodes that were identified through a Probability Density Distribution (PDD) of the OSL ages. PDD peaks mark times when dunes were more active. PDD lows represent intervals of dune stability. OSL PDD peaks are cyclical on millennial scale (5.5, 4.3, 3.3, 2, 1, and 0.3 ka). The 14C ages were collected from paleosols and archaeological sites stratified within dunes and mark intervals of dune stability. A PDD of 14C ages was also created. OSL PDD peaks mark times of relative dune stability and should be inversely associated with lows in 14C PDD if the coastal dune system is generally regionally consistent. Comparing both PDDs shows that 14C PDD peaks only occur after peaks (or within lows) of the OSL PDD, which indicates Lake Michigan coastal dunes are regionally consistent. The OSL and 14C PDDs were also compared to reconstructed middle and late Holocene lakelevel hydrographs and to a composite 7000-year-long continous record of El Niño events from coastal South America. These data provide clues about what drives the millennial-scaled cycles of coastal dunes along Lake Michigan. Three of the dune-building events are associated with significant rising lake level (transgressive) events (5.5, 3.3, and 2.3 ka) while others occurred during regressive (4.3 and 0.5 ka) or uncertain lake level events. Although likely important, the specific connection between water level change and coastal dune building is more complex than just “transgressive or regressive.” The link between El Niño events and dune activity is clearer. Comparison of OSL and 14C PDD with the El Niño record shows that dunes grew during intervals when El Nino events were uncommon (i.e., 10-15 events/ century) and have greater oscillation. Collectively, these data suggest that dunes are built or stabilized when a complex set of climate, water-level, and sand-supply factors intersect within the coastal zones to create the proper conditions to construct dunes. SESSION NO. 30, 1:30 PM Friday, 3 May 2013 T7. Cultural Geology: Heritage Stone, Buildings, Parks, and More (Heritage Stone Task Group of the IUGS) Fetzer Center, Room 2040 30-1 1:30 PM Rose, William I. [218567] BUILDING GRASSROOTS FOR A KEWEENAW GEOPARK ROSE, William I. 1 , GOCHIS, Emily E. 2 , KLAWITER, Mark F. 2 , and VYE, Erika C. 2 , (1) Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, raman@mtu.edu, (2) Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931 Geoparks are nationally or globally significant geologic areas which have identities similar to national heritage areas. They are defined by spectacular geologic features and processes in SESSION NO. 30 tandem with rich culture and history. They transcend boundaries of protected areas and operate as a partnership of people and land managers to promote earth heritage through education and sustainable tourism. Geoparks are numerous in Europe and Asia, but largely unknown in the USA. In Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula and Isle Royale, with geology defined by Middle Protoerozoic Rifting of Rodinia and Pleistocene to Anthropocene climate change, geology has influenced human settlement and history in profound ways which makes the place ideal for a Geopark. Geopark development in the USA addresses an under appreciation (and perhaps ignorance) of earth science which leaves America struggling to compete with the rest of the world in issues such as energy resources, sustainability and global warming. These shortcomings in earth science literacy have been addressed through an active NSF sponsored Math Science Partnership focused on earth science education. University faculty, graduate students, middle and high school teachers and students have made connections with national and state parks, municipalities and citizen groups to develop geologic interpretations in order to engage the public. These initial efforts include: 1. EarthCaches in our hometowns, 2. self-guided and android Geowalks sponsored by local municipalities, 3.internships for Earth Science teachers in Midwest national parks and 4. special recognition and educational applications for spots which capture “sense of place”. Each of these activities has built local commitment to geological education which resonates with communities where geology has historically driven and shaped culture. It is our hope that these grassroots efforts will build a strong foundation for America’s first geopark. http://www.geo.mtu.edu/~raman/Geopark http://mitep.mtu.edu/earthcache.php http://www.geo. mtu.edu/~raman/SilverI/HoughtonEC 30-2 1:50 PM Freeman, V. Rocky [218728] THE MATHER SURVEY COLLECTION AT MARIETTA COLLEGE: A RARE ASSEMBLAGE OF EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY GEOLOGIC SAMPLES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN INTERPRETING NINETEENTH-CENTURY GEOLOGIC TERMINOLOGY FREEMAN, V. Rocky1 , HANNIBAL, Joseph T. 2 , and BARTLETT, Wendy1 , (1) Marietta College, Petroleum Engineering and Geology, 215 5th Street, Marietta, OH 45750, freemanv@ marietta.edu, (2) Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767 The first Ohio Geological Survey, known as the Mather Survey, produced two pioneering volumes on Ohio Geology, both published in 1838. Geologic terminology has changed since that time, however, resulting in some difficulty in determining exactly what these early Ohio geologists meant by their use of terms such as buhrstone (used for manufacture of millstones), hornstone, kidney and other types of iron ore, and hydraulic lime. Such items were of great economic importance at the time of the Survey and some of them continued to be important into the later nineteenth century. In February of 1842, a catalog of geological specimens collected by the Mather Survey was submitted to the Ohio Legislature. This catalog listed labeled suites of specimens, two of which were to be held in the State Cabinet, and the rest of which were to be distributed to colleges in Ohio. Only one of these collections, the one sent to Marietta College, is known to be extant. The Marietta College collection consists of 166 specimens from 16 counties in Ohio. The Pennsylvanian Series is especially well represented; specimens collected in Jackson, Tuscarawas, and Vinton counties account for close to half of the specimens. There are also specimens from other areas of Ohio, however, and two specimens are from Indiana. The specimens in the Marietta College collection provide objective evidence for early nineteenth-century geologic terminology and rock and ore identifications. The Mather catalog lists many additional specimens that may or may not still exist. Still, the catalog itself is important as it contains locality information that complements the locality information in the 1838 Mather Survey reports. Both the collection and the catalog are key elements in the interpretation of early nineteenth-century geologic reports. 30-3 2:10 PM Saja, David B. [218636] WELLINGTON DIMENSION STONE COLLECTION AT THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY: A RARE EXAMPLE OF A WELL-DOCUMENTED COLLECTION OF 20TH CENTURY DIMENSION STONES SAJA, David B., Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767, dsaja@cmnh.org The Department of Mineralogy at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History houses the Wellington Dimension Stone Collection that contains just over 1,200 slabs of granite, diabase, gabbro, slate, phyllite, marble, limestone, serpentine, travertine, and schists. There are 533 different slabs, some with multiple samples that show different polished, honed and flame-etched surfaces, and a range of available colors and patterns. Robert E. Wellington was an engineer and sales representative of the Alberene Stone Company. A year after his death in 1987, the Museum acquired his entire collection of papers and 1,137 sales samples. He was involved in the construction of over a thousand buildings spanning a two decade period between 1967 and 1987. He sold products from several stone companies including Georgia Marble, Green Mountain Marble, Tennessee Marble, Alabama Limestone, Carthage Marble Corp., Georgia Granite Co., Vermont Structural Slate Co., The Structural Slate Co., and Natural Slate Blackboard Co. His accounts covered hundreds of orders from personal residences to Corporate Headquarters (e.g. Goodyear Tire, Procter & Gamble), as well as churches, museums, hospitals, fire stations, city halls, universities, high schools, restaurants, and cemeteries. Most of these buildings are located across Ohio, but include others in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, West Virginia, Kentucky, Delaware, and Texas. This collection is a significant resource for Historical Preservation, in addition to Economic Geology, because it also contains the bills of sale and stone installation diagrams for nearly every building for which he sold material. These sheets list dates of installation, dimension stone names, number of panels, and even notes on their installation. The collection is also unique in that it is one of only a few surviving major collections available for research in the United States. Already scanned in high resolution on a flatbed scanner, we are preparing to put these images online as a searchable internet database with images and both trade names and geologic names. Eventually we will have digital copies of the building data and a thin section made to accompany each sample. The collection is available at the Museum for viewing by researchers (academic and industry alike) who wish to use it. 30-4 2:30 PM Hannibal, Joseph T. [217675] QUANTIFYING TRENDS IN STONE USED FOR BUILDINGS, STATUARY, AND OTHER USES OVER TIME WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERIATION CURVES HANNIBAL, Joseph T., Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767, jhanniba@cmnh.org Many publications have discussed trends in stone use over time, but such discussions have been, for the most part, qualitative. Such trends can be shown in a quantitative manner using seriation curves, a methodology commonly used by archaeologists and anthropologists, but underused by geologists. The technique was originally developed for use in plotting changes in cultural items 2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 67
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structures, isolated sink-fills, an
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NaCl+KCl+HCl+H 2 O. Sulfide mineral
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deposition as a function of the afo
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