Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America
Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America
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SESSION NO. 6<br />
reported from areas proximal (< 25 km) to the study area and thus could potentially be hazardous<br />
to populations and properties. This will largely depend on the adopted building codes and<br />
engineering designs for urban settlements in the study area.<br />
6-4 9:00 AM El Kadiri, Racha [218564]<br />
STATISTICAL AND REMOTE SENSING BASED APPROACH TO DETERMINE DEBRIS FLOWS<br />
TRIGGERING FACTORS<br />
EL KADIRI, Racha1 , SULTAN, Mohamed1 , BECKER, Richard2 , KRAWCZYK, Malgorzata1 ,<br />
AL HARBI, Talal1 , and CHOUINARD, Kyle J. 1 , (1) Department <strong>of</strong> Geosciences, Western<br />
Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, racha.elkadiri@wmich.edu, (2) Department <strong>of</strong><br />
Environmental Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Toledo, 2081 Bancr<strong>of</strong>t Ave, Toledo, OH 43606<br />
Debris flows represent a significant ecosystem disturbance, particularly in Jazan Mountains in<br />
Saudi Arabia. The area is subjected to intense precipitation levels related to Indian monsoons and<br />
high relief (up to 2.5 km a.m.s/l). We were able to characterize the spatial conditions that have<br />
controlled the occurrence <strong>of</strong> debris flows events in the area due to the advancement <strong>of</strong> remote<br />
sensing and geographic information systems. We extracted terrain characteristics in the area<br />
from remote sensing datasets, and used them as proxies to the different debris flows triggering<br />
factors. The remote sensing based parameters enable us to construct a weighted model that is<br />
calibrated against field based observations. The extracted criteria that enable us to control slope<br />
instability for shallow debris flows are: slope angle, elevation, topographic wetness index (TWI),<br />
stream power index (SPI), convergence index (CI), aspect, soil roughness, normalized difference<br />
vegetation index (NDVI), flow accumulation index, and manmade feature distribution.<br />
6-5 9:40 AM Mohamed, Lamees [218288]<br />
STRUCTURAL CONTROL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW, SOUTHERN SINAI, EGYPT: REMOTE<br />
SENSING CONSTRAINTS<br />
MOHAMED, Lamees, Geosciences, WMU, Kalamazoo, 49008, lamees.m.mihamed@<br />
wmich.edu, SULTAN, Mohamed, Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W.<br />
Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, and ZAKI, Abotalib, Geosciences, WMU,<br />
Kalamazoo, MI 49008<br />
The distribution <strong>of</strong> dikes and shear zones, their orientation, thickness, and density together <strong>with</strong><br />
the rate and persistency <strong>of</strong> rainfall, absorptive characteristics <strong>of</strong> the land surface, permeability<br />
<strong>of</strong> the reservoir rocks, and slope gradient <strong>of</strong> land surface are the main factors that control<br />
the groundwater distribution and groundwater flow in southern Sinai. Precipitation generally<br />
occurs over the highly elevated Proterozoic basement rocks, and is channeled down stream as<br />
surface run<strong>of</strong>f in the valleys (wadis) or as groundwater flow in the alluvium aquifers flooring the<br />
valleys. Fractured basement can act as conduits for groundwater flow as well. We examined the<br />
temporal variations in backscattering values extracted from radar imagery to identify the waterbearing<br />
shear zones, dyke swarms, and valleys in the study area (southern Sinai). The adopted<br />
procedures were as follows: (1) spatial and temporal precipitation events over the basement<br />
complex were identified from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data; a major<br />
precipitation event (34 mm) that occurred on January, 17 2010 was identified and selected for this<br />
analysis, (2) the shear zones and dyke swarms <strong>with</strong>in the study area were delineated using false<br />
color Landsat band and band ratio images, (3) four Envisat ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture<br />
Radar radar) scenes were selected, one before (November, 11 2009 ) and three after (20January<br />
2010, 5 February 2010 , and 12 March 2010) the identified precipitation event, (4) the four images<br />
were co-registered, orbital corrected, multilooked, filtered, radiometric calibrated and at last beta<br />
& sigma nought images were produced.<br />
Examining the generated backscattering images revealed that following a rain event, the<br />
water bearing dikes, shear zones, and valleys show evidence <strong>of</strong> retaining more water (high<br />
backscattering) than their surroundings. Ongoing research will focus on applying these findings to<br />
map all such aquifers in southern Sinai and to further test our findings by conducting geophysical<br />
techniques.<br />
6-6 10:00 AM Ahmed, Mohamed [218224]<br />
MONITORING AQUIFER DEPLETION FROM SPACE: CASE STUDIES FROM NUBIAN<br />
SANDSTONE AQUIFER IN EGYPT AND THE SAQ AQUIFER IN SAUDI ARABIA<br />
AHMED, Mohamed, SULTAN, Mohamed, and ALHARBI, Talal, Geosciences, Western<br />
Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, mohamed.ahmed@<br />
wmich.edu<br />
In arid and semi-arid regions <strong>of</strong> the world the demand for fresh water resources is increasing due<br />
to increasing populations and scarcity <strong>of</strong> fresh water supplies. Examples <strong>of</strong> these regions include<br />
the Middle East countries where the scarcity <strong>of</strong> fresh water is contributing to political instability,<br />
disputes, and conflicts. Many <strong>of</strong> these countries are blessed by having large amounts <strong>of</strong> fresh<br />
water stored in non-renewable and widely distributed aquifers. The majority <strong>of</strong> these aquifers<br />
remain poorly investigated for the following reasons: (1) their locations in the less-developed<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> the world, (2) the general inaccessibility <strong>of</strong> many <strong>of</strong> these regions, and (3) difficulties<br />
in collecting background information. Given the previous reasons, we developed an integrated<br />
approach to investigate the hydrologic setting <strong>of</strong> two main fresh water aquifers, the Nubian<br />
Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS; area: 493 x 103 km2 ) in Egypt and the Saq Aquifer System<br />
(SAS; area: 489 x 103 km2 ) in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, we are addressing aquifer response to<br />
natural climatic and anthropogenic effects. Monthly (01/2003 – 09/2012) Gravity Recovery and<br />
Climate Experiment (GRACE) data was processed (destriped, Gaussian smoothed, and soil<br />
moisture removed) and used in conjunction <strong>with</strong> other relevant datasets to investigate aquifer<br />
depletion rates. Results indicate: (1) both NSAS and SAS are experiencing declining GRACE<br />
trends, (2) time series analyses show a negligible changes between GRACE before and after<br />
removing soil moisture indicating that the main drivers for GRACE anomalies are the groundwater<br />
extraction activities, (3) areas <strong>with</strong> negative GRACE trends are highly spatially correlated <strong>with</strong><br />
irrigated areas, (4) the annual depletion rates based on GRACE data for the NSAS and SAS is<br />
estimated at 1.8 x 109 m3 (3.6 mm/yr) and 2.3 x 109 m3 (4.8 mm/yr) respectively, and (5) GRACE<br />
results are consistent <strong>with</strong> the reported groundwater extraction rates for both aquifers. Given the<br />
available temporal monthly GRACE solutions for the past eleven years, the global coverage <strong>of</strong><br />
this data set, and the plans underway for the deployment <strong>of</strong> a GRACE follow-On and GRACE-II,<br />
we suggest that <strong>with</strong>in the next few years, GRACE will probably become the most practical,<br />
informative, and cost effective procedure for monitoring aquifer depletion rates across the globe.<br />
8 2013 GSA <strong>Abstracts</strong> <strong>with</strong> <strong>Programs</strong><br />
6-7 10:20 AM Zmijewski, Kirk A. [218406]<br />
USING GRACE DATA TO MONITOR EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC MODIFICATION AND<br />
CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER IN THE ARAL SEA REGION: 2002-2012<br />
ZMIJEWSKI, Kirk A., Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Toledo, 2081<br />
Bancr<strong>of</strong>t Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, kirk.zmijewski@rockets.utoledo.edu and BECKER,<br />
Richard H., Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Toledo, 2801 West<br />
Bancr<strong>of</strong>t Ave, Toledo, OH 43606<br />
The Aral Sea watershed located in central Asia has seen significant anthropogenic modification<br />
since the mid 20th century, leading to a decrease in size <strong>of</strong> the sea by almost 90%. The watershed<br />
is a closed basin <strong>with</strong> an area <strong>of</strong> almost 2 million square kilometers which includes both the Amu<br />
Darya and Syr Darya river systems. A network <strong>of</strong> canals and channels has diverted a significant<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> flow from both rivers into various agricultural areas and reservoirs. Groundwater is<br />
an extremely important resource in the region providing the majority <strong>of</strong> river flow during winter<br />
months, while glacial melt provides up to 70% during the summer months in hot years.<br />
GRACE (Gravity and Climate Experiment) data from 2002-2012 was used to monitor total water<br />
storage trends <strong>with</strong>in the basin using a linear model. The data was normalized <strong>with</strong> an annual<br />
periodic function to remove seasonality. The GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation Systems)<br />
model was used to estimate the monthly mass <strong>of</strong> soil moisture and snow cover. Total surface<br />
water mass was estimated using satellite imagery and historical topographic maps.<br />
Much <strong>of</strong> the water diverted from the Syr Darya and Amu Darya remains stored as groundwater<br />
recharge and growing artificial lakes which supports the regions agriculture. However, the<br />
water balance <strong>of</strong> the whole watershed shows an overall negative trend in water storage due to<br />
evaporative losses from these diversions. A positive trend in groundwater storage mass was<br />
observed in agricultural areas and in the vicinity <strong>of</strong> the reservoirs in the central part <strong>of</strong> the basin.<br />
Opposite trends were observed in the headwaters <strong>of</strong> both glacial-fed rivers <strong>with</strong>in the Aral Sea<br />
basin. Total summer time snow cover area was determined for both rivers using Landsat imagery.<br />
An increase in total snow/ice cover in the Amu Darya headwaters was observed and a decrease<br />
in total snow/ice in the Syr Darya. The Amu Darya receives precipitation from the South Asian<br />
Monsoon which has increased in the last decade. The more northern headwaters <strong>of</strong> the Syr<br />
Darya River receive continental precipitation <strong>of</strong> which previous studies have shown no significant<br />
trends, but an increase <strong>of</strong> 1-2 degrees C over the past century may explain loss in mass due to<br />
glacial ablation. Future water and food security in the region depends on accurate monitoring and<br />
predictions <strong>of</strong> water resources in the future.<br />
6-8 10:40 AM Becker, Richard H. [218495]<br />
THE STALLED RECOVERY OF THE MESOPTAMIAN MARSHES<br />
BECKER, Richard H., Department <strong>of</strong> Environmental Sciences, University <strong>of</strong> Toledo,<br />
2801 West Bancr<strong>of</strong>t Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, richard.becker@utoledo.edu<br />
The Mesoptamian Marshes, an extensive wetlands system in Iraq which once covered roughly<br />
twice the area <strong>of</strong> the Florida Everglades, has been heavily impacted by both human and climate<br />
forces over the past decades. In the period leading up to the Second Gulf War in 2002, the<br />
marshlands were shrinking due to both a policy <strong>of</strong> draining and water diversion, and construction<br />
<strong>of</strong> dams upstream on the Euphrates in Turkey. Following the war through 2006, this trend was<br />
reversed as the diversions were removed and active draining stopped. The recovery reached<br />
its peak in 2006, but the marshes have been drying since, due to droughts and increased water<br />
storage upstream.<br />
A combination <strong>of</strong> MODIS, Landsat and GRACE datasets were used to determine if the change<br />
in water storage both in above ground and total storage both upriver in the Tigris and Euphrates<br />
watersheds, and in the Marshlands. This change in total water storage is used to help partition<br />
the changes between upstream retention and overall drying <strong>of</strong> the system. The Grace datasets<br />
show a gradual decrease in total water in the source water regions for the Euphrates over the<br />
period <strong>of</strong> 2002-2010, and a sharp change from increasing water surface area and mass to losing<br />
in the lower portion <strong>of</strong> the watershed containing the marshes in 2006. This suggests that the dam<br />
removal and decrease in pumping only provided a temporary respite for the marshlands and<br />
that their future is tied more strongly to any climate changes that will affect recharge in the upper<br />
Tigris-Euphrates system.<br />
SESSION NO. 7, 8:00 AM<br />
Thursday, 2 May 2013<br />
Geoscience Education (Posters)<br />
Schneider Hall, Courtyard<br />
7-1 BTH 1 Lane, Joe [218508]<br />
USING THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON THE PHENOMENON OF PLATE TECTONICS TO<br />
HELP STUDENTS BETTER APPRECIATE THE NATURE OF SCIENCE<br />
LANE, Joe, Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University,<br />
1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, joseph.m.lane@wmich.edu<br />
This paper provides the reader <strong>with</strong> a detailed history on the phenomenon <strong>of</strong> plate tectonics,<br />
which focuses on the German scientist, Alfred Wegener. Wegener proposed that throughout<br />
most <strong>of</strong> geologic time there was only one continental mass, and one ocean. To strengthen his<br />
argument, Wegener drew perspectives from numerous scientific fields, as well as past works from<br />
specific scientists. This paper is designed as an educational instrument in order for students to<br />
examine the physical processes that our planet has undergone over, long, geologic periods <strong>of</strong><br />
time. Students are presented <strong>with</strong> a Scientific Benchmark, stressing the importance that: ‘science<br />
is in fact one vast single system, in which everything in the universe occurs in consistent patterns<br />
that are comprehensible through careful, systematic study.’ This argument includes information on<br />
the need to explore the work <strong>of</strong> scientists; as well as, the essential characteristics that scientists<br />
must obtain when investigating our natural world. It is the primary purpose <strong>of</strong> this paper to inform<br />
students <strong>of</strong> the importance <strong>of</strong> scientific advancements and to illustrate the benefits <strong>of</strong> using<br />
history to support a better understanding <strong>of</strong> the nature <strong>of</strong> science.