SESSION NO. 19 19-2 BTH 20 Doughty, Travis M. [218754] TRACE METAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF SEDIMENTS HOSTED IN CAVES OF THE SPRINGFIELD (MO) PLATEAU: A LINK TO SUBTERRANEAN BIODIVERSITY? DOUGHTY, Travis M., Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University Dr, Maryville, MO 64468, s507452@nwmissouri.edu and JOHNSON, Aaron W., Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University, 800 University Drive, Maryville, MO 64468 We used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to compare the heavy metal chemistry and mineralogy <strong>of</strong> sediments accumulating in caves in rural and urban areas to the chemistry and mineralogy <strong>of</strong> sediments from a control cave in a relatively undisturbed watershed in the Springfield (MO) Plateau. Sediment from the control cave exhibited the smallest peak sizes for Zn and Mn and a moderately-sized Pb peak. Sediment from the rural caves exhibited larger peaks <strong>of</strong> Zn and Mn and a smaller Pb peak. Sediment from the urban cave had the largest Zn, Mn and Pb peaks. X-ray diffraction indicated that all samples contained calcite and quartz, which is unsurprising since the caves are hosted in the Burlington Limestone, which is noted for abundant chert nodules. However, minor mineralogy varied widely, and included traces <strong>of</strong> clay minerals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, garnet, and complex aluminum-sulfates. Additionally the carbon content <strong>of</strong> some samples was high enough to trigger an elemental carbon peak that was not consistent <strong>with</strong> graphite or diamond. These data indicate that trace amounts <strong>of</strong> base and heavy metals present in sediment are not hosted in sulfides or other primary phases. Instead, these metals likely occur as cations adsorbed onto the surfaces <strong>of</strong> clay minerals or as metal hydroxides such as wulfingite, an amphoteric zinc hydroxide mineral that was indicated by XRD analysis. Metals hosted in these phases may be liberated by dilute acid solutions. This finding has important implications for the health <strong>of</strong> troglobitic species, and may explain the apparent relationship between species presence and low metal concentrations in cave sediments outlined in an earlier pilot study. The presence <strong>of</strong> metals as hydroxides or adsorbed phases in sediments could prove harmful to troglobites that spend a significant portion <strong>of</strong> their life cycle in sediment (e.g. isopods), especially those species that digest sediment. The acidic digestive tract may increase metal concentrations in primary consumers, potentially reducing fecundity. In addition, secondary consumers may suffer from bioaccumulation as they prey upon species <strong>with</strong> higher tissue metal concentrations. 19-3 BTH 21 Norton, M.S. [218357] MODELING SOIL EROSION WITHIN THE MILL CREEK WATERSHED, YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO NORTON, M.S. and MATTHEUS, C.R., <strong>Geological</strong> and Environmental Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, msnorton@student.ysu.edu Mill Creek Park, established in 1896, is one <strong>of</strong> the largest metro-parks in the US, providing a variety <strong>of</strong> outdoor activities to the city <strong>of</strong> Youngstown, Ohio, and its surrounding areas. Popular attractions <strong>with</strong>in the park include a number <strong>of</strong> man-made ponds and lakes, which have rapidly silted in since their construction, forcing several sediment-excavation projects. An investigation is underway to elucidate information from lake deposits to help develop an erosion model for contributing watersheds. A preliminary erosion model based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation was established for a small subset <strong>of</strong> the Mill Creek watershed. This model incorporates existing datasets on soil characteristics, topography, and climate in an effort to constrain a parameter for land cover; information on sediment yield was used to solve for this unconstrained factor. Lily Pond is a 3-acre catch basin that receives sediment from surrounding forested hillslopes, typical terrain and landcover types <strong>with</strong>in the park. A 1974 excavation <strong>of</strong> the pond provided a baseline for assessing subsequent sediment sequestration, quantified from detailed bathymetric surveys and cores. Sediment-yield calculations were compared to the watershed-erosion model and provided a refined land-cover factor for future modeling <strong>with</strong>in the park. Current research is now underway to provide additional model-parameter constraints utilizing similar methodologies. Differences in sediment yield between watersheds <strong>of</strong> similar size, topography, and soil characteristics provide clues regarding the influence <strong>of</strong> land-cover types, which vary tremendously across the region. The Indian Run watershed, for example, is characterized by 21% urban land cover and 23% agricultural land cover whereas the Bears Den watershed is characterized by 66% and 0%, respectively. Improving individual parameters using comparison studies that incorporate empirical data on sediment yield are critical to the development <strong>of</strong> an erosion model that is regionally applicable. SESSION NO. 20, 1:30 PM Thursday, 2 May 2013 T19. Hydrogeologic Investigations for Improved Assessment <strong>of</strong> Water Availability and Use in the Glaciated United States (Posters) Schneider Hall, Courtyard 20-1 BTH 22 Wyman, Davina A. [218128] THE EFFECTS OF ROAD SALT ON ASYLUM LAKE GEOCHEMISTRY WYMAN, Davina A., Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, davina.a.wyman@wmich.edu and KORETSKY, Carla M., Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241 Asylum Lake is a 19.8 ha kettle lake located in Kalamazoo, MI near three major roadways, thus it is expected to receive run<strong>of</strong>f <strong>with</strong> significant concentrations <strong>of</strong> road salts in winter and spring. Road salts contribute unreactive Cl-to surface and groundwaters, which can accumulate and significantly increase water density. Typical lakes in Michigan experience turnover events in fall and spring, during which water from the epilimnion is mixed <strong>with</strong> water from the hypolimnion. With enough <strong>of</strong> an increase in water density, lake turnover events may be delayed or prevented (e.g. Wetzel, 2001, Limnology). The objective <strong>of</strong> this study is to determine if road salts in Asylum Lake are preventing turnover events and, if so, how this changes the lake geochemistry. Lake water column samples have been collected monthly at the deepest point in the lake, beginning in September 2012; sampling will continue for one year. In situ measurements <strong>of</strong> dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, temperature, and pH are measured at .5 m intervals. Four water samples per 1 m depth are collected at 1m intervals, filtered (.2 μM), and two are preserved <strong>with</strong> HNO . Samples are immediately analyzed upon return to the lab for Fe 3 2+ , Mn2+ 3- + , PO , NH4 , 4 26 2013 GSA <strong>Abstracts</strong> <strong>with</strong> <strong>Programs</strong> alkalinity, and H S via colorimetry. Within one week <strong>of</strong> collection, samples are analyzed on an 2 ICP-OES for Ca2+ , Mg2+ , K + , and Na + . Within two weeks, samples are analyzed for Cl- on an ion 2- chromatograph and for SO via a turbidity technique. 4 Data thus far shows Asylum Lake to be a eutrophic lake <strong>with</strong> anoxic benthic waters throughout + 2+ 3- summer and early fall. In the anoxic hypolimnion, there is a build-up <strong>of</strong> NH , Mn , PO4 , and H2S 4 to levels as high as 220, 40, 11, and 87 μM, respectively, but Fe2+ levels are always at or below detection limits <strong>of</strong> 3.5 μM. Concentrations <strong>of</strong> Cl-reach up to 180ppm. Conductivity increases <strong>with</strong> depth in the summer and fall but becomes nearly constant during one sampling event in early winter. On this date, temperature and DO also vary much less <strong>with</strong> depth, which suggests that fall turnover occurred, but was significantly delayed. 20-2 BTH 23 Lotimer, Leslea [218488] THE NATURE OF TILL AND DRUMLINS IN PETERBOROUGH AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING A COMMUNITY GROUNDWATER SUPPLY LOTIMER, Leslea, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, lotimelp@mcmaster.ca In the Peterborough area <strong>of</strong> Ontario, Canada, there is a well-documented and extensive drumlin field. While the origin <strong>of</strong> the drumlins is widely debated despite many years <strong>of</strong> study, one aspect remains certain; drumlins and till have significant implications for groundwater movement and public water supply. The late Wisconsin Northern Till, deposited by the Laurentide Ice Sheet, is found in the area <strong>of</strong> the Peterborough drumlin field, and is considered to be a deformation till up to 65 meters thick. The till overlies proglacial and glaciolacustrine sediments and shows considerable textural and thickness variability <strong>with</strong>in the drumlin field. Coarse-grained interbeds are common <strong>with</strong>in the till and allow it to function as a ‘leaky aquitard’ as opposed to most till units which are considered to be regional aquitards. The presence <strong>of</strong> significant coarse-grained interbeds <strong>with</strong>in the till produces groundwater flow pathways that are not easy to predict and which can have significant implications for contaminant transport and groundwater supply. A First Nations community located <strong>with</strong>in the Peterborough Drumlin field has been attempting to find a more sustainable groundwater supply in the drumlizined terrain. Currently, homes are supplied by private wells. Options are being considered for improving individual wells or developing a communal water supply. A recent field program involved drilling a fully cored and geophysically logged borehole through till on the flanks <strong>of</strong> a large drumlin as well as the construction <strong>of</strong> a well by air rotary. The extracted core consists primarily <strong>of</strong> sand-rich till <strong>with</strong> interbeds <strong>of</strong> sand and gravel. Correlation <strong>of</strong> data between the two recently drilled wells and lithological and hydrogeological data obtained from local water well records allows analysis <strong>of</strong> the till stratigraphy <strong>with</strong>in this portion <strong>of</strong> the drumlin field. This till stratigraphy provides a foundation for understanding local groundwater movement and the potential for public water supply. This preliminary interpretation <strong>of</strong> the local stratigraphy will guide further field work and provide the basis for improving the supply <strong>of</strong> drinking water for the community. 20-3 BTH 24 Bunda, Jacob [218445] QUALITY AND DYNAMICS OF THE MINK RIVER ESTUARY BUNDA, Jacob, UW-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022, jacob.bunda@my.uwrf.edu The Mink River Estuary (MRE) is a freshwater environment connecting <strong>with</strong> Rowley’s Bay on the northeast side <strong>of</strong> Door County, Wisconsin. Spring complexes originating in the surrounding wetland exchange mineral enriched groundwater <strong>with</strong> the water <strong>of</strong> Lake Michigan <strong>with</strong>in the estuary. Seiche motion originating in the body <strong>of</strong> Lake Michigan is pronounced in the calm water <strong>of</strong> the MRE and encourages mixing <strong>of</strong> spring and Lake Michigan waters. A gradational geochemical pattern exists throughout the estuary from the spring to its mouth and is influenced by the lake’s water level. Water level data show a direct relationship between Lake Michigan water level and the water level <strong>with</strong>in the MRE. In-situ water quality data reveal the composition <strong>of</strong> spring and estuary water. Temperature data is included and show variation over time in different parts <strong>of</strong> the estuary and northwest spring complex. Linear regression <strong>of</strong> the MRE’s chemical gradient over time reveals change in the variation <strong>of</strong> the chemical pattern along the estuary axis. The state <strong>of</strong> the estuary is dependent on its quality and quantity <strong>of</strong> water, monitoring <strong>of</strong> water levels and other parameters in the MRE is helpful for understanding how the environment may be affected by groundwater influences and Lake Michigan water level. This project builds on studies done by the Wisconsin <strong>Geological</strong> & Natural History Survey (WGNHS). 20-4 BTH 25 Nagelkirk, Ryan L. [218198] PREDICTING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL YIELDS AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE MAUMEE RIVER WATERSHED NAGELKIRK, Ryan L. 1 , KENDALL, Anthony D. 2 , BASSO, Bruno2 , and HYNDMAN, Dave3 , (1) <strong>Geological</strong> Sciences, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, nagelki4@msu.edu, (2) Department <strong>of</strong> <strong>Geological</strong> Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Sciences Bldg, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, (3) <strong>Geological</strong> Sciences, Michigan State University, 206 Natural Science, East Lansing, MI 48824 Climate change will likely have considerable effects on agriculture in the Midwestern United States. Under current climate projections, end-<strong>of</strong>-century temperatures rise by approximately 4°C, while precipitation stays relatively unchanged despite a potential increase in heavy rainfall events. These trends have already been observed over the last century: rising temperatures have extended the growing season two days per decade and heavy rainfall events have become twice as common. In an effort to understand the likely effects <strong>of</strong> climate change on agriculture, maize and soybean yields in the Maumee River Watershed were simulated using the Systems Approach to Land Use Sustainability (SALUS) crop model. SALUS calculates daily crop growth in response to changing climate, soil, and management conditions. We test the hypotheses that 1) despite any positive effects <strong>of</strong> CO2 fertilization and allowing for higher yielding varieties, longer and warmer growing seasons will lead to excessive water- and heat-stress, lowering yields under current management practices, and 2) that double-cropping maize and soybeans successively in the same season to <strong>of</strong>fset these losses may become feasible if sufficient late-season soil moisture is made available. Outputs <strong>of</strong> daily Leaf Area Index (LAI) and root mass from a range <strong>of</strong> SALUS models are then distributed spatially to drive regional hydrologic simulations using the Integrated Landscape Hydrology Model (ILHM). These coupled simulations demonstrate the response <strong>of</strong> streamflow and groundwater levels to different management strategies.
Be Part <strong>of</strong> the 125th Anniversary Celebration! 1888 8 22013 0 CELEBRATING ADVANCES IN GEOSCIENCE North-CeNtral GSa SeCtIoN MeetING 2–3 May 2013 ◆ Fetzer Center, Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan, USa Looking southwest from N. Edwards Street in downtown Kalamazoo, Michigan. Round-topped towers are the Radisson Plaza hotel. Photo used <strong>with</strong> permission via Wikimedia Commons. 2013 Program ◆ Volume 45, Number 4 ◆ ISSN 0016-7592
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