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SESSION NO. 13 13-10 4:50 PM Herrmann, Edward W. [218688] GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONTROLS AFFECTING THE CREATION AND PRESERVATION OF A BURIED WETLAND ENVIRONMENT DURING THE PLEISTOCENE/HOLOCENE TRANSITION: A GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE HERRMANN, Edward W., Anthropology, Indiana University, 2420 Canada Dr, Bloomington, IN 47401, edherrma@indiana.edu Geoarchaeological investigations within the White River Valley in south-central Indiana revealed the controlling geomorphological factors that led to the formation and preservation of a buried wetland environment just prior to, and throughout the Younger Dryas. Coring transects within a local segment of the West Fork of the White River were used to analyze the subsurface sediments, identify paleosurfaces, and correlate the fluvial landforms along the White River. In one local river segment, late Wisconsin river meanders eroded into outwash terraces and left abandoned channels that infilled with organic debris after 13kBP. By 10kBP, local conditions created a local wetland/peat bog containing preserved organic matter that can be used for paleoenvironmental reconstructions during the Younger Dryas. Subsequently, a wet grassland/ prairie developed after 10kBP and lasted until about 4kBP, after which the site was buried and preserved by mid-Holocene alluvium. Major river adjustments related to downcutting and entrenchment altered the extent of the mid-Holocene meander belt, limiting meandering and erosion through the site. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene meander scars at the site provide data important to archaeological site predictive modeling and to understanding where buried and preserved archaeological sites may occur during the Paleoindian (11.5-10kBP) and Early Archaic (10-8kBP) Periods. 13-11 5:10 PM Rocheford, M. Kathryn [218135] FRAMEWORK FOR IDENTIFYING LANDUSE EFFECTS ON SOIL RESILIENCE ROCHEFORD, M. Kathryn, Geosciences, University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, kat-rocheford@uiowa.edu Soil is an interface between the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, acting as buffer and filter for the air we breathe, the crops we harvest, and the water we drink. Perturbations in any one of these spheres can affect soil properties as well as its resilience. The ecological landscape of the Midwest has been extensively altered by both natural and human modifications (e.g. erosion, climate change, fire, vegetation change, land-use change, etc.). Land-use activities can have significant impacts on the physical, biological and chemical processes of soil that alter its resilience and its role in the global carbon cycle. Furthermore, a complex history of changing use patterns makes it difficult to differentiate the effects of individual land-use activities on modern soils using traditional physico-chemical soil science methods. To better model potential mitigation practices for soil sustainability, it is critical to differentiate between physico-chemical properties of soils resulting from natural processes and those from early historic land-use, as well as those resulting from modern agricultural or other modern landscape modifications. Presented here is a methodological framework that begins to incorporate the geomorphological and geochemical perspectives that can be utilized to reveal land-use activities for areas that have limited or no record of past land-use. SESSION NO. 14, 1:30 PM Thursday, 2 May 2013 T10. Mapping the Glacial Geology of the Great Lakes States Fetzer Center, Kirsch Auditorium 14-1 1:30 PM Brown, Steven E. [218189] FROM START TO FINISH: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOLOGIC MAPS AND MODELS OF LAKE COUNTY, ILLINOIS BROWN, Steven E., Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 615 E. Peabody Dr, Champaign, IL 61820, steebrow@illinois.edu The Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition is a partnership that includes the state geological surveys of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; the Ontario Geological Survey; and the U.S. Geological Survey. The partnership builds on the collective knowledge of these scientific organizations to map the glacial geology of the of the Great Lakes states in high priority areas. Geologists and other staff use innovative computer aided mapping, drilling, and geophysical technologies and methods to discover and document complex stratigraphic and depositional relationships. Cornerstones of the Coalition are three-dimensional mapping and modeling and the application of maps and models to solving societal issues. A three-dimensional geologic model for Lake County, Illinois has been made by the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) based on analysis of more than 200 exploration boreholes, 24,000 water-well and engineering borehole records, and several miles of geophysical transect data. A data-sharing agreement with the county has facilitated the exchange of digital data, including access to county-wide, high-accuracy datasets that facilitate mapping and quality control of public domain information, such as water-well records. In Lake County, the variability of the continuity and physical characteristics of deposits, typically associated with a number of inset proglacial depositional sequences, necessitates application of both lithostratigraphy and allostratigraphy to map and model geologic surfaces. A number of map units are defined based on genesis, as a practical matter, where bounding surfaces are more readily identified than the boundaries of discrete lithologic units. Throughout the mapping process, ISGS staff have interacted with local decision makers to both gain an understanding of local natural resource issues, and to provide geologic information to those making decisions. Interactions have included presentations to the county board, local municipalities, industry, and the general public. Future challenges include the design and presentation of the three-dimensional model for the end user, noting users may not have the software and hardware capabilities used to make the maps and models. 18 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 14-2 1:50 PM Aden, Douglas J. [218321] MAPPING KARST IN THE NORTH-CENTRAL OHIO REGION ADEN, Douglas J., Ohio Geological Survey, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 2045 Morse RD., BLDG. C-2, Columbus, OH 43229-6693, Doug.Aden@dnr.state.oh.us Since 2009, the Ohio Geological Survey has undertaken reconnaissance mapping of karst areas in Ohio, beginning with the cities of Delaware and Springfield and their vicinities. Currently, karst is being mapped near the cities of Bellevue, Castalia, and Clyde in north-central Ohio—a densely karstic area featuring some of the largest sinkholes in the state. To locate these sinkholes, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data is used to generate a digital elevation model (DEM). This DEM pinpoints depressions that may have internal drainage. These depressions are cross referenced with known karst locations, bedrock geology, aerial photography, soil maps, drift thickness maps, and water well logs. Many features were dismissed by using both aerial photography and knowledge gained from previous field verification of how LiDAR interacts with streams, culverts, and infrastructure as opposed to sinkholes. LiDAR lows and areas that could not be eliminated remotely are being visited in the field and documented. In total there are 1,208 distinct locations under review for karst in this 428-km2 area. To date, the Ohio Geological Survey has confirmed 52 sinkholes and 24 springs, and eliminated 142 suspect sites either remotely or in the field. In addition to the newly located features, 240 karst points that were field verified by previous workers will be rechecked against the LiDAR and in the field. The remaining suspect locations will be field checked to determine if they are karst or not. Also, records on size and depth of 218 features from a 1980 project are being compared to the LiDAR to see if change over time can be observed. Karst regions are highly susceptible to pollution, and structures built near them may subside. Karst features in the Bellevue region have also served as conduits of groundwater discharge during periods of unusually high precipitation. This groundwater discharge has led to severe, localized flooding. The maps produced from this effort will allow areas of land development near karst features to be better planned and maintained. 14-3 2:10 PM Carson, Eric C. [218823] SURFICIAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING AND LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION RESEARCH IN THE DRIFTLESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN CARSON, Eric C., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, WI 53705, eccarson@wisc.edu and ATTIG, John W., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705 On-going surficial geology projects in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin are heavily invested in the concept of the valuable synergies between high-quality research and highquality geologic mapping. Accurate and detailed mapping provides a basis to guide and inform original research; focused research leads to a better understanding of geologic process, events, chronology, stratigraphy and materials in a mapping area, and thus a better mapping product. To exemplify this, mapping along the lower Wisconsin River valley has provided the impetus to investigate the glacial deposits that define the boundaries of the unglaciated Driftless Area, and the Quaternary geologic history archived by those deposits. Along the Mississippi River, south of the confluence with the Wisconsin River, coring has defined the easternmost extent of pre-Illinoian glacial deposits. Compact gray clay-rich till and associated outwash were recognized within 1 km of the modern Mississippi River underlying the ubiquitous Peoria loess. Coring through the pre-Illinoian Bridgeport moraine (Knox and Attig, 1988) identified a brown sandy till overlying a gray clay-rich till similar to that found farther south. This implies that multiple pre-Illinoian glacial advances, depositing markedly different till, extended eastward to a point roughly coincident with the modern Mississippi River. In the Baraboo Hills area at the eastern margin of the Driftless Area, coring the late Wisconsin Johnstown moraine where it blocks the south end of the Devils Lake gorge has revealed the stratigraphy of the moraine and helped refine the history of the advance of ice to its maximum position. The moraine is composed of ~5 m of till overlying more than 75 m of sand and gravel (outwash). The stratigraphy suggests that ice was stable just short of its maximum extent and depositing outwash that the ice ultimately advanced over to deposit till on the outwash. These data likely would not have been collected if not for the surficial geology mapping being conducted, and the insights gained from the data will improve the final mapping product. This highlights the concept that taking a research-driven approach to mapping facilitates developing priorities and long-term goals, and developing a greater understanding of key aspects of the geology of the area being mapped. 14-4 2:30 PM Fleming, Anthony H. [218325] A TALE OF TWO LOBES: THE PLEISTOCENE EVOLUTION OF INDIANA’S LARGEST INTERLOBATE LAKE BASIN FLEMING, Anthony H., 2275 E300S, Albion, IN 46701, loneswantony@cs.com and KARAFFA, Marni D., Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 Lake Wawasee has the largest surface area of any natural lake in Indiana, while nearby Tippecanoe Lake is the deepest. They are among a group of large, deep lakes (and dozens of smaller ones) concentrated in a distinctly rugged, ~100 mi2area that defines the interlobate boundary between the Saginaw and Erie Lobes in Kosciusko County, north-central Indiana. Ongoing geologic mapping indicates that this more southerly part of the boundary experienced a sharply different history than the segment further to the northeast, which generally lacks large lakes, has more subdued topography, and in most places is characterized by the relatively simple onlap of large Erie Lobe fans into basins produced by the withdrawal of the Saginaw Lobe into Michigan. Several lines of evidence indicate that extensive tracts of stagnant Erie Lobe ice were well established in these lake basins before the Saginaw Lobe arrived, and long before deposition of the large eastern fans (Topeka, Leesburg, Rochester) that followed. Individual ice blocks occupied basins as great as 10-12 mi2and were (minimally) hundreds of feet thick; moreover, they persisted for most of the late Wisconsin, greatly altering the behavior of subsequent glaciers and ultimately controlling the distributions and character of younger deposits of both the Saginaw and Erie Lobes. The deposits from this earliest Erie Lobe event thicken southwestward into eastern Marshall and extreme western Kosciusko Counties, where they form an extensive region of Erie Lobe moraines and fans known as the Bourbon upland. As such, they seem to define a discrete southern edge of the interlobate area—one that lies significantly further north than suggested by historical interpretations. Moreover, these relations reinforce the growing recognition that the history of the interlobate area is not monolithic, but instead consists of a heterogeneous group of smaller regions, each defined by local ice margins competing for space.
14-5 2:50 PM Hobbs, Trevor [218481] USING GIS TO INVENTORY COMMON VARIETY MINERAL MATERIALS FOR THE HURON- MANISTEE NATIONAL FOREST, MI HOBBS, Trevor, Huron-Manistee National Forest, GeoCorps Participant, 1755 S. Mitchell St, Cadillac, MI 49601, trevor.c.hobbs@gmail.com The Huron-Manistee National Forest (HMNF) is relatively well endowed with aggregate resources such as gravel, sand, clay, boulders and stone. These common variety mineral materials are useful to the HMNF for projects such as road repairs, stream crossings, trail maintenance, and canoe landing sites. The development of aggregate resources on Federal lands of the HMNF has been a decreasing priority in recent decades. Since the 1980’s, an increasing number of Forest Service pits have been closed and reclaimed, in favor of more ecologically and aesthetically pleasing land management practices. Fragmented land and mineral ownership patterns within the HMNF proclamation boundary also hinder the development and management of mineral material pits. For these reasons, there has been an increase in the number of commercial pits in the surrounding area, from which the HMNF now purchases aggregate resources to complete construction, maintenance, and engineering projects. The increasing reliance on commercial aggregate suppliers throughout the years has resulted in a fragmentation of knowledge about the distribution and quality of common variety minerals on HMNF lands. Information about the location of quality aggregate resources has become somewhat antiquated and often occurs in dispersed file cabinets or as informal knowledge in the minds of District personnel. At this time, it is unclear whether it makes more economic sense to extract these materials from NFS lands, or continue purchasing aggregate from commercial suppliers. Moreover, there are no detailed geologic maps covering the HMNF at this time, which adds an additional level of uncertainty about the quality and quantity of aggregate resources at depth. Since 2011, the HMNF has utilized the GeoCorps America program to put intern geoscientists to work on assimilating data and information about common variety minerals on Forest Service lands. This information is currently being gathered and stored in an ArcGIS geodatabase. When complete, the geodatabase will serve as a useful tool for project planning, and advance the ongoing effort to inventory common variety minerals across the HMNF. This presentation will highlight the methods used to inventory and map historic and existing pits, as well as discuss practical uses of the geodatabase for HMNF land managers. 14-6 3:10 PM Kincare, Kevin A. [218539] A HIGH-LEVEL PROGLACIAL LAKE IN WEXFORD COUNTY, MICHIGAN, AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE BOUNDARY OF THE LAKE BORDER MORAINE IN NORTHWEST LOWER MICHIGAN KINCARE, Kevin A., U.S. Geological Survey, 926 A National Center, Reston, VA 20192, kkincare@usgs.gov The Lake Border moraine in northwestern lower Michigan has recently been reexamined in western Wexford County. Leverett and Taylor (1915) mapped the Lake Border moraine (much of which exceeds 400 m altitude in Wexford County) in contact with the Valparaiso/Charlotte interlobate moraine at the latter’s northwest corner near Harrietta. Just south of Wexford County, they mapped a convex to the west trending reentrant (67 km long, 45 km wide) in the Lake Border moraine that bends back to the east in Newaygo County. Recent mapping of deposits in the Lake Border moraine in Wexford County reveal glaciodeltaic deposits from topset sand and gravel through to bottomset (varves) silt and clay. The ice-margin configuration suggested by Leverett and Taylor (1915) cannot support a proglacial lake at the altitudes indicated by recent mapping and drill holes. At the maximum extent of the Lake Border glacier, a high level (~380 m altitude) proglacial lake must have been bounded by the glacier on the west and southwest, older interlobate deposits to the southeast, and possibly the Saginaw lobe to the east. The reentrant as currently drawn could not have held a proglacial lake at the altitude demonstrated by this project. The drainage divide exposed by the reentrant is 100m below the lake level of the lacustrine sediments in the glaciodeltaic morphosequence. On the basis of this evidence, the Lake Border moraine is mapped without a reentrant. That is, it remains close to the western edge of the Valparaiso-Charlotte interlobate moraine through to the Lake-Newaygo County line where preliminary mapping indicates that the western edge of the uplands is also composed of similar glaciodeltaic deposits. 14-7 3:50 PM Burt, Abigail K. [218484] THREE-DIMENSIONAL GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF THE INTERLOBATE ORANGEVILLE MORAINE, SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, CANADA BURT, Abigail K., Ontario Geological Survey, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 6B5 Canada, abigail.burt@ontario.ca The Ontario Geological Survey is undertaking regional scale 3-D hydrostratigraphic mapping of glacial sediments in select areas of Southern Ontario. This is part of a broader initiative designed to provide geoscience information for the identification, protection and sustainable use of the provincial groundwater resource. The full workflow comprises the assembly and standardization of existing subsurface data; acquisition of new geological and geophysical information; the development of a conceptual geological model; the interpretation of the subsurface data; and the generation of products for scientific, technical and non-technical clients. The Orangeville-Fergus project area encompasses 1550 km2 centred on the Late Wisconsinan interlobate Orangeville moraine. Bedrock dips to the southwest and deep buried bedrock valleys extending back from the Niagara Escarpment host important sediment aquifers. Eight key regional-scale sediment packages comprise: 1) older tills and localized coarse-textured stratified sediments; 2) a pre-Late Wisconsinan aquifer that sporadically contains organic material; 3) the main Late Wisconsinan Nissouri Phase Catfish Creek Till that forms a key stratigraphic marker across the region; 4) Erie Phase aquifers and aquitards deposited during and following the break-up of Catfish Creek ice consisting of coarse-textured glaciofluvial and subaquatic fan sediments, fine-textured glaciolacustrine sediments and diamicton. This package includes the Orangeville moraine and Rockwood buried-bedrock valley fill; 5) Port Bruce Phase Tavistock, Port Stanley and upper sandy tills and upper Maryhill drift, deposited during lobate advances from the northwest, northeast and southeast, and forming the upper aquitard across much of the study area; 6) outwash gravels deposited in incised channels; 7) Mackinaw Phase Wentworth Till and debris flows forming the Paris moraine and recording the maximum extent of the Erie–Ontario ice lobe during this ice advance; and 8) glaciofluvial and coarse-textured glaciolacustrine sediments overlying Wentworth Till in the far southeast of the study area. Closed depressions within the granular deposits of the Orangeville and Paris moraines facilitate recharge and ensure a healthy groundwater flow system at the head of three watersheds. SESSION NO. 14 14-8 4:10 PM Bajc, A.F. [218725] THE PRE-LATE WISCONSINAN SEDIMENT RECORD OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF SIMCOE COUNTY, SOUTH-CENTRAL ONTARIO, CANADA BAJC, A.F., Ontario Geological Survey, 933 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 6B5, Canada, andy.bajc@ontario.ca and MULLIGAN, R.P.M., School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada Recent deep drilling in support of government funded 3-D investigations for groundwater management has resulted in an improved understanding of the sediment record pre-dating the Late Wisconsinan advance of ice into the southern part of Simcoe County, an area of approximately 1500 km2 . Late Wisconsinan Newmarket Till, deposited by southwest-flowing Simcoe lobe ice, is underlain by a thick sequence of glaciolacustrine sediments deposited in a large basin bordered to the south and north by the advancing Ontario and Georgian Bay/Simcoe ice lobes, respectively. AMS dating constrains this glaciolacustrine event to between about 39.8 and 1795 couplets counted) interrupted by as many as 3 cycles of sand deposition which may extend laterally in the subsurface for more than 10 kms. The glaciolacustrine sequence, which is correlated to the Thorncliffe Formation as defined in the Scarborough bluffs in Toronto, blankets a regional unconformity surface dated at 39.8 to >54.7 ka BP. Organic-bearing alluvial and lacustrine deposits containing macrofossils and pollen characteristic of newly deglaciated landscapes are frequently intercepted in borings along this unconformity. The opening of low-level outlets in response to significant ice retreat resulted in the observed subaerial conditions at this time within the region. These deposits rest on an older fine-textured till, the upper surface of which is often weathered, and whose outer limit may extend across the southern part of the county. This Georgian Bay lobe drift sequence may be equivalent to the Sunnybrook Drift of the Lake Ontario basin and of Early Wisconsinan age. An older, stony, coarse-textured till interbedded with stratified sands, some organic-bearing, underlies this unit and rests on an incised bedrock surface. The ages of these deposits are not known. AMS dating of wood recovered from these older stratified deposits often yield ages beyond the limits of radiocarbon dating (>50 ka BP). Improved understanding of the regional distribution and character of the subsurface units will be achieved as part of the 3-D modelling process. This information will assist hydrogeologists as they strive to better understand the groundwater flow system of the region. 14-9 4:30 PM Prentice, Michael L. [218612] ERIE LOBE TILL STUDIES IN INDIANA REVEAL A DYNAMIC ICE MARGIN PRENTICE, Michael L. 1 , DUCEY, Patrick W. 2 , ISMAIL, Ahmed3 , LETSINGER, Sally L. 4 , SARGENT, Steve5 , and FENERTY, B.S. 1 , (1) Indiana Geological Survey, 611 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, mlprenti@indiana.edu, (2) Indiana University Department of Geological Sciences, 1001 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405-1405, (3) Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, (4) Center for Geospatial Data Analysis, Indiana University, Indiana Geological Survey, 611 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, (5) Illinois State Geological Survey, 615 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820 The prominent end-moraine landsystem in northeastern Indiana made up of Erie lobe tills fades out 20 km north of the Wabash-Erie channel and is replaced by a composite landsystem that covers the extensive northern margin of Erie lobe deposits. We studied this composite landsystem to improve understanding of Erie lobe and adjacent Saginaw lobe history. This work facilitates mapping of Erie lobe tills in Indiana where they are referred to as the Lagro Formation. The principal data consist of geomorphic observations, microstratigraphic studies on several highquality cores, and 12 km of high-resolution shear-wave seismic reflection profiles. The composite Lagro landsystem is dominated by sinuous meltwater channels of several scales that are discontinuous across the landscape and cut through most topographic features made of Lagro till. Their morphology and distribution, as well as the seismic profiles intersecting one channel, are indicative of subglacial formation. Likewise, the characteristics of the Lagro subunit that surfaces parts of the composite landsystem are consistent with subglacial deposition. We surmise that the composite landsystem is largely subglacial in origin. Subglacial landsystem elements cut ridges that are cored by an ice-marginal facies of the Lagro Formation as indicated by core stratigraphy. Seismic profiles over one such ridge are consistent with deposition of a deep Lagro subunit as ice-marginal moraine. We infer that several ridges in the composite landsystem are palimpsest Erie lobe ice-marginal moraines. We suggest that the composite Lagro landsystem reflects a sequence of Erie lobe events that are older than the Erie lobe stillstands represented by the end-moraine landsystem to the south. If correct, the margin of this lobe fluctuated on a significant spatial scale more rapidly than currently believed. 14-10 4:50 PM Kozlowski, Andrew L. [218782] GLACIAL GEOLOGIC MAPPING OF THE MONTEZUMA WETLANDS COMPLEX IN CENTRAL, NY: DEVELOPING 3D GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORKS TO RESOLVE HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC AND GLACIAL CHRONOLOGIC PROBLEMS KOZLOWSKI, Andrew L., Geologic Survey, New York State Museum, 3140 Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY 12230, akozlows@mail.nysed.gov and BIRD, Brian, Geological Survey, New York State Museum, 3140 Cultural Education Center, Albany, NY 12230 North of Cayuga Lake, the second largest and deepest of the Finger Lakes in central New York State is the Montezuma Wetlands Complex. Over 40,000 acres of federal, state and private wetland occupy a broad dendritic system of channels in the heart of the Ontario Drumlin field. Glacial and postglacial deposits between 4 and 60 meters thick overlie rugged channelized bedrock topography, carved into Devonian carbonates and Ordovician shales. Excavations completed in 2008 revealed a complex stratigraphy inclusive of multiple buried peat horizons containing well preserved buried trees and abundant organic materials of Younger Dryas age. Follow up investigations revealed the presence of anomalous salt springs distributed throughout the wetlands. Detailed geologic field mapping in concert with LIDAR data, exploratory drilling and integrated geophysics provide robust information to understand complex glacial stratigraphic frameworks that govern surface water groundwater interaction. As the Ontario Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated large high energy ice marginal channels routed meltwater into a drumlinized archipelago of early phase Lake Iroquois. Robust radiocarbon dates coupled with internally consistent stratigraphy from numerous boreholes provide a powerful set of data to constrain ice marginal positions, meltwater pulses and proglacial lake successions in central New York. As one of the largest wetland systems in the Great Lakes region, detailed three-dimensional geologic mapping of the Montezuma Wetlands Complex provides natural resource officials an invaluable tool to manage ecosystems and water resources, understand the natural history, and plan for potential impacts of climate change. 2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 19
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