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SESSION NO. 3 Michigan and Lake Erie lobes option 3 seems unlikely. This comparison can not distinguish between options 1 and 2. 3-4 9:00 AM Carson, Eric C. [218824] RADIOCARBON CONTROL FOR THE ADVANCE OF THE GREEN BAY LOBE TO ITS LATE WISCONSIN (MIS 2) MAXIMUM POSITION AT DEVILS LAKE, SOUTH-CENTRAL WISCONSIN CARSON, Eric C., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, WI 53705, eccarson@wisc.edu and ATTIG, John W., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705 Currently there are few reliable numerical age estimates that constrain the timing of the maximum extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in the midcontinent, a problem that largely reflects the scarcity of radiocarbon dates that closely constrain late Wisconsin glacial events. To improve our understanding of the timing of the last glacial advance and retreat, recent research (e.g., Attig et al., 2011; Carson et al., 2012) has begun dating lacustrine sediment deposited in a range of environments along the margin of the Green Bay lobe in south-central Wisconsin. The specific geomorphic settings of these lacustrine deposits allow unequivocal correlation of the sediment to discrete late Wisconsin glacial events, thus providing chronologic control that has previously been lacking. While previously published data from this research program addresses the timing of onset of retreat of ice from the last maximum position, new data is shedding light on the timing of the end of ice advance to its maximum extent (locally known as the Johnstown phase). The Baraboo Hills in south-central Wisconsin are formed by a doubly-plunging anticline of the Precambrian Baraboo quartzite. Devils Lake gorge cuts through the south range of the Baraboo Hills. The gorge was blocked at both ends by late Wisconsin ice, creating a lake during the glacial maximum and the lower, modern, Devils Lake during post-glacial time. We collected a 9.1-m core into laminated silty lacustrine sediments immediately south of Devils Lake; the base of the core is 9.2 m higher than modern lake level, suggesting that the sediment could only have been deposited when sediment and ice were completely blocking both ends of the gorge. Three radiocarbon dates from plant macrofossils in an organic-rich zone near the base of the core range between 20,480 +/- 100 14C yr BP (24,890 – 24,050 cal yr BP) and 19,100 +/- 80 14C yr BP (23,290 – 23,060 cal yr BP), indicating that the Green Bay Lobe had advanced to its maximum position by that time. These dates represent the first direct absolute age control for the timing of the end of the Green Bay lobe’s advance to its late Wisconsin maximum position, and one of few such chronologic controls along the southern Laurentide ice sheet. 3-5 9:20 AM Schaetzl, Randall [218188] OSL AGES ON LOESS CONSTRAIN THE ADVANCE OF THE CHIPPEWA VALLEY LOBE IN WESTERN WISCONSIN, USA SCHAETZL, Randall, Geography, Michigan State University, 128 Geog Bldg, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, soils@msu.edu, FORMAN, Steven L., Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, and ATTIG, John W., Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705 The timing of the advance and recession of the Chippewa Valley Lobe in west-central Wisconsin is poorly constrained, mainly because of the lack of closely controlled radiocarbon dates. To that end, we present the first OSL ages on loess for west-central Wisconsin, which constrain the advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet out of the Lake Superior basin and into this region during the last part of the Wisconsin glaciation. The Chippewa River flows south, perpendicular to the terminal moraine, and eventually becomes confluent with the Mississippi River. After the advancing glacier crossed the southern edge of the Lake Superior basin and reached a drainage divide in northwestern Wisconsin, meltwater flowed into the northern part of the Chippewa drainage basin, and continued to flow there until the ice margin retreated back, across the divide. Today, loess covers bedrock uplands that lie scattered on either side of the river, just beyond the terminal moraine. Spatial patterns of particle-size data on loess, from 125 upland sites throughout the Chippewa basin, clearly show that this loess was derived from the sandy valley trains of the Chippewa River and its tributaries - all of which drained the ice front. The loess exceeds 5 m in thickness at sites near the widest valley train areas, in areas only a few km beyond the moraine. Using deep cores recovered from five ridge-top sites, we dated 12 loess samples - solely from depths > 3 m - using MAR OSL methods. The oldest age for basal loess on bedrock was ca 24 ka, which constrains the timing of the advance of the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet out of the Superior basin, across the drainage divide, and into the drainage of the Chippewa River. The remaining OSL ages from the deep loess, taken only slightly higher in the stratigraphic column, range between 19.7 and 12.3 ka, suggesting that the Chippewa Valley was a loess source for several millennia, and that most of the loess was deposited during ice recession. OSL ages from loess within 3 to 3.5 m of the surface are abnormally young, presumably due to post-depositional mixing. 3-6 10:00 AM Esch, John M. [218821] BURIED BEDROCK VALLEYS OF MICHIGAN ESCH, John M., Michigan Dept. of Environmental Quality, Office of Oil, Gas, and Minerals, P.O. 30256, Lansing, MI 48909, eschj@michigan.gov In the glaciated Midwest, much can be learned about the geological history of an area by mapping the bedrock surface topography and the buried bedrock valleys. In Michigan, a complex and very irregular bedrock surface underlies the thickest glacial drift on land in North America. In general, the bedrock surface has well defined buried bedrock valley networks with tributaries and main bedrock valleys which can run for tens of miles. These often appear to be in inferred preglacial bedrock drainage basins with bedrock surface divides. Other buried bedrock valleys cross bedrock surface divides and cut through broad bedrock highlands and cuestas. Some bedrock valleys are in a nearly parallel pattern over large areas. In other places, the bedrock valleys are short, relatively straight disconnected valleys. Sometimes these appear to be imprinted over an already existing pre-glacial bedrock valley network. There are also broad regional bedrock lowlands and local fjord-like bedrock troughs. Some bedrock valleys and scarps directly overlie deeper structural features. Often bedrock valleys are found preferentially in less resistant bedrock formations. In addition some areas are essentially devoid of bedrock valleys. There is considerable debate as to the origin of bedrock valleys, but no single mechanism can account for these widely varying bedrock valley types. The extensive buried bedrock valley network suggests that much of the bedrock surface is a slightly glacially modified pre-glacial bedrock surface, the result of long history of pre-glacial uplift and erosion (post Pennsylvanian and post Jurassic). In other places the bedrock surface has also been sculpted by numerous paleo-river channels cut into the bedrock during the numerous glacial ice advances, interglacial periods and the postglacial period over the last 2.5 million years. While in other areas, the bedrock surface has been significantly eroded by direct glacial erosion removing the bedrock valleys. 4 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs Knowledge of the location of bedrock valleys may assist in exploration for potential glacial aquifers in bedrock valleys, and in seismic data processing for oil and gas exploration. These bedrock valleys, especially the deeper ones, may contain older glacial, interglacial or pre-Tertiary sediments and paleosols which may be of value for geological age dating. 3-7 10:20 AM Walters, Kent A. [218432] A CASE FOR STEP-WISE RETREAT OF THE LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET DURING THE YOUNGER DRYAS: CENTRAL UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN WALTERS, Kent A., Department of Geology, The University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology Physics Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221, walterkr@mail.uc.edu, LOWELL, Thomas V., Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology/Physics Building, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, and PUTNAM, Aaron E., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 217 Comer, 61 Route 9W - PO Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964 The Younger Dryas (YD) is a well-known paleoclimatic event from 12.9-11.6 cal ka BP. Although the response of small glaciers to climate change is well established, far less is known how large glaciers like the Laurentide Ice sheet (LIS) respond to rapid climate change during events like the Younger Dryas. This study investigates the right lateral moraines of the Green Bay lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in central Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Here and in adjacent Wisconsin, the LIS buried two forest beds (Two Creeks and Lake Gribben) and the ages of 13.7 and 11.6 cal ka BP, respectively, indicate that the ice sheet occupied this region during Younger Dryas time. Hypothesis for ice sheet behavior during this time include (i) retreat some 200 km across Lake Superior before the YD and the same length readvance during the YD and (ii) limited readvance at the end of the YD. To test these possibilities this study employed the USGS 10 m digital elevation model to map surficial glacial landforms and added 25 new radiocarbon dates to refine the ice-sheet deglaciation chronology. Mapping revealed at least four and perhaps as many as seven successive ice-contact margin positions between the Two Creeks and Lake Gribben locations suggesting a step-wise retreat. Radiocarbon dates indicate the LIS retreated across the region from 12.8 to 11.4 cal ka BP and then readvanced at 11.3 cal ka BP. This implies that during most of the YD the ice sheet was in retreat with a readvance occurring after the YD. If the LIS retreated in a step wise manner during the YD, it may imply warmer summers or high solar insolation values as the mechanism controlling the ice sheet margin at this time. 3-8 10:40 AM Colgan, Patrick M. [218673] EVIDENCE FOR DISTRIBUTION AND THICKNESS OF ATHENS SUB-EPISODE AND OLDER SEDIMENTS IN OTTAWA COUNTY, MICHIGAN COLGAN, Patrick M., Geology, Grand Valley State University, 132 Padnos Hall of Science, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401-9403, colganp@gvsu.edu Previous researchers have mapped and provided multiple radiocarbon ages for buried organic matter below Michigan Sub-episode age glacial tills in Lower Michigan. A 43 meter long rotosonic core to bedrock was recovered in August 2012 by Western Michigan University’s Hydrogeology Field School at Hemlock Crossing County Park in Ottawa County, Michigan. The core contains organic wood fragments in sand lying below the Saugatuck/Ganges tills and lying above Glen Shores till, and older unnamed units. The isolated wood fragments yield an AMS radiocarbon age of 37,840 ± 400 C14 years BP (41,920 to 42,950 calendar years BP two sigma error, Beta- 329000). This age is within the uncertainty of three finite ages previously obtained by researchers at the Glen Shores Section in Allegan County. This suggests an Athens Sub-episode age for the organic sand and a possible pre-Athens Sub-episode age for the Glenn Shores till and unnamed units. Similar buried organic material in sand between till units are common in Ottawa County, occurring in two clusters as reported in water well records. More than 200 water-well-records report buried organic materials well below the land surface. Of these well records, 137 appear to correlate to the Athens Sub-episode age organics in the Hemlock Crossing County Park core. The largest cluster occurs over a broad area north of the Grand River, and a smaller cluster occurs south of Pigeon Creek. The average depth of the top of the organic layer is 28 ± 16 m (2 sigma) and at an average elevation of 167 ± 28 m (2 sigma) above mean sea level. This is about 10 meters below the mean lake level of Lake Michigan. The mean thickness of the organic sand is about 3 meters. Continuing research examining the glacial till(s) of pre-Athens Sub-episode age in the Hemlock Crossing Core will attempt to correlate these units to known units. Other yet unnamed units may also be defined. These tills could be of any age and could correlate to MIS-4 (early Wisconsin Glaciation/Episode), MIS-6 (Illinois Glaciation/Episode), or older pre-Illinoian glaciations recorded in the marine oxygen isotope records from ocean sediments and ice cores. 3-9 11:00 AM Curry, B. Brandon [218573] SUPERPOSED ICE-WALLED LAKE DEPOSITS, NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS CURRY, B. Brandon, Prairie Research Institute, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, b-curry@illinois.edu A complex of ice-walled lake plains occurs in and around Woodstock, Illinois. One ice-walled lake plain stands out from the rest (-88.4113˚W, 42.2571˚N). It is nearly circular, about 1.1 km across, with an unusual central kettle about 0.4 km across. Five cores of this landform have been sampled. Facies architecture, radiocarbon ages of entombed tundra plants, and geomorphology collectively indicate two stages of ice-walled lake development. Gray, silty clay diamicton of the Yorkville Member (Lemont Formation; Livingston Phase) underlies the glaciolacustrine complex forming the ice-walled lake plain, but sediment cores sampled adjacent to the landform reveal patches of dolomite-rich, pebbly sandy loam diamicton of the Haeger Member (Lemont Formation; Woodstock Phase) that cover the fine-grained Yorkville unit. The margin of the icewalled lake plain is covered by about 1.7 m of well-sorted, fining-upward medium sand. The sand pinches out approaching the kettle’s edge. The underlying fossiliferous lacustrine sediment is as much as 7.5 m thick. The two stages of development are reflected in five radiocarbon ages (each with < 30 yrs sigma-one error) of Dryas integrifolia found in the lacustrine faces. The first stage lasted from about 21,870 to 21,460 cal yr BP during deglaciation of the Livingston Phase. The second stage occurred from about 18,720 to 17,870 cal yr BP during deglaciation of the Woodstock Phase. The lack of 14C ages spanning from about 21,460 to 18,720 cal yr BP also is observed from the composite of more than 40 radiocarbon ages associated with ice-walled lakes in Illinois. The hiatus is also observed in 15 14C ages of plant fossils from the nearby De Kalb mounds. The lack of physical evidence for the nonconformity in sediment cores such as clay mineral alteration or changes in bedding or grain-size suggests that the active layer did not thaw; the landscape was physically and chemically inert during this time of extremely cold summer temperatures.
3-10 11:20 AM Phillips, Andrew C. [218677] MEANDER CUTOFFS, FLOODPLAIN LAKES: GEOLOGIC ARCHIVES IN THE LOWER WABASH VALLEY PHILLIPS, Andrew C., Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 E. Peabody, Champaign, IL 61820, aphillps@illinois.edu, CARON, Olivier, Illinois State Geological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, 615 E. Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, BRYK, Alexander B., Department of Geology, University of Illinois, 1301 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, PROKOCKI, Eric W., Department of Geology, University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign), 208 Natural History Building, 1301 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, and BEST, James L., Departments of Geology, Geography, Mechanical Science and Engineering and Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory, University of Illinois (Urbana- Champaign), 208 Natural History Building, 1301 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801 Striking geomorphic features, including terraces, scroll bars, and floodplain lakes, in the lower Wabash Valley were constructed by Wisconsin Episode slackwater lake and meltwater sedimentation, followed by postglacial fluvial systems with episodic aggradation and degradation. Previous studies described fluvial and slackwater lake terraces deposited in an island braided river system during the last glacial-interglacial transition, between ~14,000 and 10,500 BP ( 14 C). Several distinct subsequent meandering systems since 10,500 BP left terraced scroll bar tracts and floodplain lakes. We have been mapping fill of the Wabash Valley to refine the existing geologic framework and complement ongoing process studies of the active meandering channel belt. Meander cutoffs that occur as both relict and extant floodplain lakes are targeted as archives of the sedimentation and ecosystem history. The meander fill sequences typically comprise 2-6 m of fine alluvial and lacustrine sediment with zones of abundant gastropod, bivalve, and wood fossils, which overlie 2-3 m of sandy to gravelly point bar and channel bed deposits. Dating of individual quartz grains by OSL in the lowermost coarse deposits is expected to provide a maximum age for these channel cutoffs, while dating of fossils by 14 C methods, or of intercalated very fine sand beds by OSL, in the lacustrine sequence is expected to constrain the sediment accumulation rates. The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the cutoff termini will be interpreted in terms of cutoff processes. We welcome collaborators to study the biota of these deposits. SESSION NO. 4, 8:00 AM Thursday, 2 May 2013 T13. Innovative Earth Science Teacher Professional Development Fetzer Center, Putney Auditorium 4-1 8:10 AM Schepke, Chuck [218348] SUMMER RESEARCH EXPERIENCE IN EARTH MAGNETISM: THE TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVE SCHEPKE, Chuck1 , BLUTH, Gregg J.S. 2 , ANDERSON, Kari3 , SMIRNOV, Aleksey V. 3 , and PIISPA, Elisa J. 3 , (1) Roscommon Middle School, 299 West Sunset Drive, Roscommon, MI 48653, schepkec@gmail.com, (2) MMI Preparatory School, 154 Centre Street, Freeland, PA 18224, (3) Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 630 Dow, ESE Building, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931 The 2012 summer research experience in Earth magnetism at Michigan Tech allowed for the incorporation of two teachers into a research project aimed at quantifying the strength and morphology of the Precambrian geomagnetic field via detailed paleomagnetic analyses. As teacher participants, we are actively working toward incorporating this experience to showcase “real world” applications of electrical and magnetic concepts in a nontraditional manner using paleomagnetism as a pedagogical vehicle. In both classrooms, the experience gained from being a part of an active research team, participating in field work, data acquisition, and interpretation, are providing a means for us to move beyond the textbook, allowing our students access to and participation in innovative inquiry-based research. Integration of active research into the classroom has resulted in noticeable increases in our students’ ability to engage and understand the physics underlying geomagnetism and concepts related to Earth processes. Tangible student outcomes, thus far, from our experience have included construction of simple magnetometers; classroom discussions related to why the Earth has an atmosphere, the age of the inner core, and the interdisciplinary nature of geophysics; and, perhaps most importantly, a greater understanding of the scientific method and that the same method is employed in research laboratories and the classroom. Students love to go “beyond the textbook” to build on the basic Earth composition topics – it is like learning something secret about the Earth that no one else has seen, rather than compiling a list of facts. Teachers also love to go “beyond the textbook”, allowing for real world presentation of concepts in physics and processes used in scientific inquiry and analyses with students. This presentation is an assessment of the 2012 summer research experience, and will provide perspectives from us, the teachers, and input from our students concerning Earth science projects undertaken during the past year. 4-2 8:30 AM Zolynsky, Debra L. [218441] VIRTUAL VS. VISCERAL FIELD EXPERIENCES: TWO PATHS DIVERGE...TAKE BOTH ZOLYNSKY, Debra L., Science, Lake Shore High School, 22980 E. Thirteen Mile Road, St. Clair Shores, MI 48082, dzolynsky@lsps.org and KLAWITER, Mark F., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931 In his book “Experience and Education” (1938), John Dewey declares that high-quality classroom learning can best be delivered when “…the educator views teaching and learning as a continuous process of reconstruction of experience.” Such reconstruction, best approached when students are exposed to the actual experiences available at a learning site or place (e.g. a “field trip”), has grown increasingly prohibitive. Cost, bureaucracy, scheduling logistics, common assessments, and inflexible curricular scope and sequence are hurdles in teachers’ efforts to create robust experiential learning opportunities. Unable to extricate themselves from these obstacles, many teachers have submissively succumbed to more didactic instructional methods. SESSION NO. 4 Several recent developments in both education and technology have provided enhanced opportunities for teachers to develop place-based learning opportunities for their students. Innovative solutions include local field experiences, conducted within a short walking distance from the school, provide students with data acquisition techniques and an understanding of how scientists ask questions, conduct investigations, and apply emergent understandings to local situations or problems. Electronic methods for data acquisition, manipulation, and communication (digital probes, Smartphones, iPod Touch devices, etc.) can provide accessible techniques for educators to utilize in “school yard” experiential learning. Finally, initiatives such as the Virtual Fieldwork Experiences (VFEs) can be integrated into the school curriculum. These experiences utilize pre-existing data and images collected by educators. 4-3 8:50 AM Klawiter, Mark F. [218435] CREATING A MODEL FOR IMPROVING EARTH SCIENCE TEACHING NATIONWIDE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE MICHIGAN TEACHER EXCELLENCE PROGRAM (MITEP) NSF MATH- SCIENCE PARTNERSHIP KLAWITER, Mark F. 1 , MATTOX, Stephen R. 2 , PETCOVIC, Heather L. 3 , ROSE, William I. 4 , HUNTOON, Jacqueline E. 4 , ENGELMANN, Carol A. 4 , VYE, Erika C. 4 , GOCHIS, Emily E. 4 , MILLER, Ashley E. 4 , and MCKEE, Kathleen F. 4 , (1) Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, mfklawit@mtu.edu, (2) Department of Geology, Grand Valley State Univ, Allendale, MI 49401-9403, (3) Department of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, (4) Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 The Michigan Teacher Excellence Program (MiTEP) is a multifaceted professional development program that targets K-12 Earth science teachers in the public school districts of Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo, and Jackson (MI). The goal of the program is to elevate the content knowledge and pedagogy skills of teachers with limited Earth science training while inspiring institutional change at several partner institutions. This 5-year program is advancing 4 cohorts of 12-24 teachers through 3 years of training that includes summer field experiences, professional development days, on-line course work, and scaffolded leadership opportunities. Teachers spend 2 summers constructing knowledge through field experiences, spending 1 week in the Upper Peninsula and 1 week near their home district each summer. Field days feature presentations by faculty experts and are correlated with Earth Science Literacy Principles, NGSS, state and local standards, misconceptions, and district curriculum. Culminating projects include professional conference presentations of teacher developed, inquiry-rich lesson plans and authoring of EarthCache sites. During the school year teachers attend quarterly professional development days featuring pedagogical strategies for presentation of topics they identified as areas of greatest need, and participate in on-line Earth science and education courses. Just-in-time content assistance is provided through “ask-a-scientist” and “scientists-on-call” features. Teachers can apply course work toward a Master’s degree in Earth Science education from Michigan Tech. In their third year teachers engage in “capstone” internships in collaboration with Midwest national parks such as Isle Royale, Sleeping Bear Dunes, Keweenaw National Historic Park or Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Teachers have emerged as leaders through involvement in such activities as providing profession development for peers in the district, involvement in leadership organizations, and presenting their work at state science teacher conferences. Major challenges include out-of-field teaching and instability of teacher placement within urban districts. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through MSP Grant No. NSF 0831948. 4-4 9:10 AM Mattox, Stephen [218562] RELEVANT, PLACE-BASED PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR URBAN TEACHERS, INSIGHTS FROM THE MICHIGAN TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM MATTOX, Stephen, Geology, Grand Valley State University, 133 Padnos, Allendale, MI 49401-9403, mattoxs@gvsu.edu, PETCOVIC, Heather, Department of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, KLAWITER, Mark F., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, GOCHIS, Emily, Geological Engineering & Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, and MILLER, Ashley E., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 MTU’s Michigan Teacher Education Program (MITEP) is a multi-year, NSF funded professional development program for secondary science teachers from Kalamazoo and Jackson. Cohorts of teachers advance through three years of experiences that include field work in the Keweenawan Peninsula and downstate, school year professional development, attending and presenting at professional meetings, and internships at national parks. Content is aligned with the Earth Science Literacy Principles. Downstate professional development took place over two weeks in two consecutive years, and focused on field work related to hazards, glacial landscapes, energy, water resources, and geologic history. In the first year, teachers conducted a water quality study of Woods Lake (Kalamazoo) to learn how human activities impact lake systems. They continued with site visits to the Kalamazoo River impacted by the 2010 Enbridge oil spill, along with building classroom models of oil-water-sediment interaction. A quarry on the Blue Ridge Esker (Jackson) provided examples of subglacial deposits and an introduction to aggregate resources. Fossil fuel resources were the focus of a visit to the WMU core library. A trip to Grand Ledge provided an introduction to the geologic history of Michigan as teachers interpreted the rocks and placed them in geologic time. In the second year, teachers investigate how the remnants of Hurricane Ike caused extensive flooding in Michigan, through calculations of rainfall volume in the Kalamazoo River basin and balancing the input against river output and groundwater recharge. In the field they gauged Portage Creek and evaluated impacts of flood events. Classroom models of melting glaciers transitioned to the state Quaternary map. Teachers described outwash exposed in a quarry in the Kalamazoo Moraine and landforms at the Waterloo Recreational Area. Sources of energy were contrasted with visits to a coal power plant in Lansing and a natural gas energy facility in Jackson. Water was investigated using classroom models, USGS maps, and touring the shallow aquifer water supply for the city of Jackson. To synthesize their field observations teachers construct stratigraphic columns of Pennsylvanian and Mississippian rocks at Grand Ledge and relate their rock specimens to a geologic cross-section of the state. 2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 5
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SESSION NO. 24, 8:00 AM Friday, 3 M
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