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SESSION NO. 31 such as pottery types over time, graphically representing time series. Such graphs have also been used by a number of authors to show changes in stone used for gravestones over time. Building on use for gravestone analysis, seriation curves can also be used to illustrate changes in stone and other material used for sculptures, buildings, and other aspects of geological material culture. Seriation curves can be used to plot already existing data gleaned (data-mined) from publications and websites as well as from newly collected data. What is needed in either case is a stone type and a date of completion, construction, or dedication. Larger data sets are better, but even smaller data sets can result in illustrative seriation curves. Seriation curves were constructed for building stone used for the exterior of houses of worship in northeastern Ohio (based on Hannibal, 1999) and for stone types (marble, granite, sandstone) and bronze (and other metal) used for Civil War statuary monuments (based on a Cincinnati History Library and Archives website on Civil War Monuments in Ohio). Curves for churches show early dominance of sandstone with subsequent but episodic dominance of limestone and dolomite. Curves plotting Civil War statuary monuments indicate an early post-war preference for marble versus granite, but a subsequent preference for granite in the post-war decades. Bronze and other metal statuary, however, came to dominate stone in the 1920s. The seriation curves for these and other cultural items made of stone offer interesting similarities and differences that are related to availability, transport, weathering characteristics and other stone properties, and cultural preferences. SESSION NO. 31, 1:30 PM Friday, 3 May 2013 T8. Addressing Environmental Aspects of Geology: Research, Pedagogy, and Public Policy Fetzer Center, Room 1040/1050 31-1 1:30 PM Sack, Dorothy [218356] HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE DUNES NEAR LYNNDYL, UTAH SACK, Dorothy, Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, sack@ohio.edu Most studies of the impact of off-road vehicles (ORVs) on American deserts have been conducted on nondunal desert landscapes or have emphasized ORV effects on dune wildlife only. Previous researchers have suggested that documented adverse consequences to desert plains and alluvial fans should be avoided by restricting ORV use to active sand dunes. The assumption that ORVs have no significant physical effect on active desert sand dunes, however, has not been adequately investigated. The research reported on here was undertaken to determine if selected dune variables differ significantly between dunes used and dunes not used by ORVs. The Lynndyl dune field, located in west-central Utah about 200 km southwest of Salt Lake City, provides an excellent opportunity to study the effects of off-road vehicles on active desert sand dunes. About 40% of the 575 sq km dune field is administered by the Bureau of Land Management as a recreation area. Most of the recreation area is open to ORV use, which is seasonally intensive, but ORVs are prohibited from a designated natural region that covers about 17% of the total recreation area. The adjacent used and unused portions of the dune field have the same dune types, sand source, and climate. Data on vegetation cover, water content, sediment compaction, and grain size distribution parameters were collected from multiple barchanoid dunes distributed between the used and unused portions of the dune field. Results show that the used dunes are significantly more compacted than the unused dunes, including when controlling for grain size differences between the two samples. In addition, variations in dune form and migration rates are explored with sequential aerial photographs. 31-2 1:50 PM Bleeker, Tyler [218382] EFFICACY OF SAND FENCES IN STABILIZING A STEEP ACTIVE DUNE BLOWOUT BLEEKER, Tyler, MICELI, Cassandra, NIEUWSMA, Josh, and PRATHER, Eleighna, Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201 Burton Street SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, tmb29@students.calvin.edu Sand fences are a common management technique used to mitigate wind erosion and stabilize sand dunes. This project investigates the efficacy of sand fences in stabilizing an active dune blowout on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Research was conducted on a 50-meter high active dune at the Castle Park Preserve south of Holland, Michigan. In the spring of 2012, two sand fences were placed on the steep windward face of the dune in an attempt to stabilize the dune surface. In the fall of 2011 and 2012, erosion pins were used to measure rates of sand erosion and deposition along the axis of the dune. In the fall of 2012, Leatherman sand traps and grids of erosion pins were used to assess sand movement in proximity to the new sand fences. Along the axis of the dune, rates of sand erosion and deposition showed a decrease from 2011 to 2012, although there was little visual evidence of sand accumulation around the sand fences. Sand trap measurements demonstrated greater aeolian sand movement on the windward side of sand fences than the leeward side. However, rates of erosion and deposition near the sand fences were variable, showing areas of both erosion and deposition. Visual observations noted the tendency of deposited sand to slide down the steep face of the blowout. This study demonstrates that sand fences appear to be effective at reducing aeolian sand movement at this site, but they appear to be having a more limited effect on reducing the overall movement of sand on the active blowout face. When stabilizing steep slopes, dune managers should consider using sand fences in conjunction with another technique that reduces the downslope mass movements of sand. 31-3 2:10 PM Arevalo, Joseph M. [218683] EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AT MT. PISGAH AREVALO, Joseph M., EMMONS, Taylor A., HAREFA, Sarah C., VAN WYK, Ashley L., and ZONDAG, Jacob A., Geology, Geography, and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, jma24@students.calvin.edu Although many Great Lakes coastal dunes possess some level of management, few studies examine whether or not the techniques employed are successful. This project evaluates the effectiveness of management techniques implemented on a highly popular dune on Lake Michigan. Mt. Pisgah is a large parabolic dune in Holland, Michigan that locals suspected was being degraded by overuse, prompting the application of management techniques such as planted vegetation, sand fences, stairs, and viewing platforms. This study’s methods included using sand traps and erosion pins to measure sand transport, mapping management techniques 68 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs and human impacts, and distributing a questionnaire on visitors’ perceptions of management. Despite the remnant of Hurricane Sandy occurring during the study, little sand movement was measured. Mapping showed that planted vegetation has significantly decreased the amount of bare sand. The presence of litter and a network of unmanaged trails indicate that people are still going places they are not allowed. Nonetheless, questionnaire results showed a positive public reaction to dune management and a willingness to cooperate with guidelines posted on the dune. In general, the management techniques have lowered the possibility of unwanted erosion, increased control over access to the dune, and preserved many natural habitats and features. However, there is room for improvement in the control of litter and unmanaged trails. 31-4 2:30 PM Parkin, Ann [218686] UNMANAGED TRAILS AND MANAGEMENT ON A GREAT LAKES DUNE PARKIN, Ann, KURTZ, Alexander, PERRY, Krystal, SCHULTZ, Veronika, and WILLIAMS, Matthew, Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies, Calvin College, 3201 Burton St. SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, aep25@students.calvin.edu While there have been many studies of Michigan coastal dunes, few studies have focused on the interactions between dune management and human impacts. This project investigates how management actions affect the unmanaged trails on the North Beach Dune, a large parabolic dune in Ottawa County, MI. In 2004, the dune was advancing towards an important access road at 0.67 m/year; subsequently the managers implemented a combination of stabilization strategies including installing sand fences, extending the elevated boardwalk, planting vegetation, and constructing signs limiting access to the dune. In Fall 2012, we examined the characteristics of the unmanaged trails to evaluate whether the management efforts were successful, leading to a more stabilized dune. We mapped all of the unmanaged trails on the dune using GPS. We also measured the width of the unmanaged trails and the density of vegetation near the trails. We compared photographs from 2007, 2009, and 2011 to look for changes. Our results showed an increase in the number of unmanaged trails, but a decrease in trail widths. This stabilization of the unmanaged trails contributes to the stabilization of the entire dune. The highest trail density occurred in the area of the dune where the pre-2007 boardwalk ended; this suggests that visitors climbed over the railing at the end of the boardwalk. We conclude that the severity of the unmanaged trails has lessened since the management efforts have been implemented on the dune. Our study shows that management can successfully reduce human impacts in the form of unmanaged trails on a coastal dune. 31-5 2:50 PM Griffey, Denisha [218765] THE EFFECTS OF ROAD SALT DEICERS ON REDOX STRATIFICATION AND SALINIZATION OF EUTROPHIC LAKES IN SOUTHWEST MI, USA GRIFFEY, Denisha, Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, denisha.c.griffey@wmich.edu and KORETSKY, Carla M., Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241 Eutrophication in lakes can be caused by agricultural and residential runoff, due to an excess of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen. Previous studies suggest that seasonal applications of the road salt deicers result in the increase of chloride concentrations which may impact lake aquatic ecosystems and geochemistry. The goal of this study is to examine the effects that road salt deicers have on the geochemistry of Woods and Wintergreen Lake, two kettle lakes located in Southwest MI, USA. Woods Lake is located in urban Kalamazoo, MI it has a surface area of ~ 9.7 ha and a max depth ~ 14m. Wintergreen Lake is located in rural Augusta, MI, has a surface area of ~16.4 ha and a max depth of ~ 7.9 m. Water column samples were collected during May, June, September, November, and December at 1 m intervals, using a van Dorn sampler. The water samples were filtered with two samples from each depth acidified and two un-acidified, and analyzed colorimetrically for Fe2+ , Mn2+ + 3- , total alkalinity, ΣNH , and ΣPO4 , 4 by IC for anions (Cl- , Br- - 2- - 3- , NO , SO4 , F , PO4 ), and by ICP-OES for major ions and trace metals 3 (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, Al). Using an YSI 650MDS/600QS probe, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity were measured in situ at 0.5 m intervals. Nutrient and redoxsensitive species profiles demonstrate that both Woods and Wintergreen Lake are eutrophic, in agreement with results reported in prior studies. In Woods Lake, DO drops from >100% sat in the epilimnion to < 2% in the hypolimnion. In fall, as DO decreases, dissolved Fe2+ , Mn2+ + , ΣNH , 4 3- and ΣPO increase below 8 to 12 m depth, reaching ~230, ~50, ~950, and ~65 μM, respectively. 4 Conductivity increases from 475 μS/cm at the surface to >1000 μS/cm which suggests salinity is contributed from road salt inputs. DO similarly decreases from >100% sat at the surface to ~4% in the bottom waters of Wintergreen Lake during the summer. In contrast, in fall, it is ~86% at 6 m. In summer, dissolved Mn2+ + and ΣNH are present at Wintergreen Lake, but smaller concentrations 4 (16 and ~25μM, respectively, at 5 m) compared to Woods Lake. Conductivity is much lower than at Woods Lake, increasing slightly from ~237 μS/cm in the epilimnion to ~392 μS/cm at 6 m. Continued sampling will be used to assess seasonal changes in lake stratification and to determine whether these two lakes are dimictic. 31-6 3:10 PM Ransohoff, Rebecca Weiss [218619] CARBON STORAGE AND NITROUS OXIDE AND METHANE EMISSIONS IN MANAGED AND UNMANAGED URBAN LAWNS AND FORESTS RANSOHOFF, Rebecca Weiss, Earlham College, Department of Geology, Richmond, IN 47374, bwranso08@earlham.edu, SODERLUND, Lily, Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, and TOWNSEND-SMALL, Amy, Department of Geology and Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, 605 Geology-Physics Building, Cincinnati, OH 45221 Urban lawns may be beneficial for the uptake of organic carbon (OC) to mitigate excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However, lawn maintenance may also contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions. This study looks at OC stocks and GHG flux rates from urban forest soils and both managed and unmanaged urban lawns in Cincinnati, OH to evaluate and quantify the amount of carbon that is being sequestered over time, and to measure the emission and uptake of GHG in the different kinds of soils in relation to overall emissions of GHG. OC stocks were measured by collecting transects from lawns of varying ages to develop a chronosequence to determine the amount that the soils can store over time. Both forest soils and lawns can sequester CO , but it appears that unmanaged and forest soils have higher carbon stocks than 2 managed lawns, and the ability of a managed lawn to sequester OC has a cap between 20 to 30 years. Flux data was collected following USDA-ARS chamber-based protocols, using static chambers placed randomly at sites. It was hypothesized that the urban lawns, both managed and unmanaged, would have a lessened ability to uptake GHG relative to the urban forest soil. Although preliminary data upholds this hypothesis, further data are needed to study the relationship between lawn maintenance and the inherent capacity of a lawn to uptake GHG.
31-7 3:50 PM Wagner, Zachary C. [218764] THE REDUCTION OF RIVERINE SILICA TRANSPORT DUE TO INVASIVE RIPARIAN VEGETATION WAGNER, Zachary C., Geology, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, Saint Peter, MN 56082, zwagner@gustavus.edu, TRIPLETT, Laura D., Department of Geology and Environmental Studies Program, Gustavus Adolphus College, 800 W College Ave, St Peter, MN 56082, and KETTENRING, Karin M., College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, NR 210, Logan, UT 84322 The plant Phragmites australis subs. australis, also known as the common reed, has spread widely across the United States after its introduction on the eastern coast. On the Platte River in central Nebraska, one effect of Phragmites invasion is that previously unvegetated or lightly vegetated banks and islands have become stabilized by the vegetation. This has allowed sediment to accumulate where it might otherwise have been transported downstream. Phragmites may additionally reduce the amount of dissolved silica in rivers with riparian zones dominated by it due to the production of silica phytoliths by the plant. Also, the dense growth habit of Phragmites may locally slow river velocity and cause deposition of the river’s suspended load, which contains some biogenic silica like diatoms, freshwater sponge spicules and phytoliths that have been washed into the river. The combination of the biological and physical effects could significantly decrease the total load of silica flowing down the river. This study explored the differences in biogenic silica concentration in Platte River sediments occupied by live Phragmites, recently killed Phragmites, native Salix (willow), and unvegetated tracts. A sodium hydroxide digestion was used to dissolve biogenic silica in sediment, the silica was then quantified using a molybdate colormetric test UV visualization and also inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The study showed that biogenic silica concentrations are higher in places dominated by live Phragmites, indicating a loss of bioavailable silica in the river system. Biogenic silica concentrations in sediments underlying killed Phragmites are lower, suggesting that when the vegetation has died the silica is re-released back to the river system on a relatively short time scale. 31-8 4:10 PM Wilch, T.I. [218694] MONITORING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE UPPER KALAMAZOO WATERSHED, MI: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH IN A LOCAL NATURAL LABORATORY WILCH, T.I. and LINCOLN, T.N., Geological Sciences, Albion College, 611 East Porter St, Albion, MI 49224, twilch@albion.edu For more than 10 years, Albion College students and faculty have been engaged in monitoring and research of the Upper Kalamazoo Watershed in Calhoun and Jackson Counties, MI. Our initial studies were a response to citizen concerns about piping of effluent from a local village’s sewage lagoons directly into Rice Creek, a tributary of the upper Kalamazoo River. The research evolved into a multi-faceted watershed monitoring project supported in part by an EPA section 319 grant through the local conservation district. More recent studies have focused on diel cycling of multiple water quality parameters and the interaction between the stream system and groundwater systems in riparian zone wetlands. Detailed studies have largely been facultymentored, student-centered projects and have included individualized directed studies during the academic year and college-sponsored, 10-week summer research experiences. The Upper Kalamazoo Watershed provides an ideal natural laboratory for undergraduate research. Stream reaches include 5th to 1st order tributaries of the Kalamazoo River, draining an 1163 km2 , mostly rural watershed. The watershed includes reaches that appear “natural” and others that have been intensely altered by dredging and straightening, as well as multiple in-stream dams that have altered the gradient. Some of the basic findings of our research are novel and important in terms of watershed processes and management. Students discovered and carefully documented diel turbidity cycles and hypothesized that the turbidity cycles were driven by a biological wetlands pump that intercepted groundwater for plant use during daytime hours. Much student work continues to focus on testing this hypothesis. Other students’ work suggests that nitrate levels in the river result primarily from a series of springs with quite high nitrate levels, while the bulk of the river water derives from distributed base flow with much lower nitrate concentrations. Future work includes building a foundational GIS database for the Upper Kalamazoo Watershed which will put in place a much needed overarching structure for the local watershed research. 31-9 4:30 PM Syverson, Kent M. [218689] WATER RESOURCE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SAND-MINING BOOM IN WESTERN WISCONSIN: A COMPARISON BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND SAND PROCESSING SYVERSON, Kent M., Dept. of Geology, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54702, syverskm@uwec.edu The sand-mining industry has been booming in western Wisconsin to meet the demand for frac sand. New sand facilities are located outside of the recently glaciated area where the upper Cambrian Mt. Simon, Wonewoc, and Jordan formations are exposed. These units are quartz-rich (commonly >95%) and have large tonnages of the strong, well-rounded 20/50- and 40/70-mesh sand grains prized in the oil and gas industry. The rapid increase in sand mining has led to concerns about truck traffic, reclamation, generation of respirable dust, and water resources. Water quantity and quality issues rarely are compared to familiar agricultural activities. Dairy cattle drink between 20 and 50 gallons of water per day. A 1000-head industrial dairy operation requires 20,000 to 50,000 gal/day for drinking water alone. A center-pivot irrigation system can pump 1000 gal/minute from the ground. An irrigation system watering a corn field for 24 hours extracts 1.4 million gallons of water. Industrial sand must be washed before it is shipped to users. EOG runs ~2 million gal/day through its sand plant in Chippewa Falls, WI. Most of this water is recycled, so the plant requires ~18,000 gal/day of “make-up water.” Flocculants quickly remove clay particles from the water, permit effective water recycling, and greatly reduce the water demands for sand processing. Polyacrylamide, the most common flocculant, is safe and used in most municipal wastewater treatment facilities. However, polyacrylamide commonly has trace amounts of acrylamide -- a neurotoxin. If acrylamide gets into the ground water, is it likely to cause health problems? Acrylamide degrades to carbon dioxide and ammonia rather quickly in the environment (US EPA, 1985). In oxygen-rich soils, 74-94% of the acrylamide breaks down within 14 days. In oxygen-poor soils, 64-89% of the acrylamide breaks down in 14 days. In river water, 10-20 ppm levels of acrylamide degrade completely in 12 days. Because horizontal ground-water flow velocities are typically on the order of centimeters/day, acrylamide will not persist long within the ground water. This reduces, but does not eliminate, the chances for adverse health impacts. Other activities such as applications of manure, nitrate fertilizers, and pesticides also must be monitored carefully to protect water resources. SESSION NO. 32 31-10 4:50 PM Vye, Erika C. [218678] OPENING A CLEAR AND EQUITABLE DIALOGUE ON THE ISSUE OF MINING IN MICHIGAN’S KEWEENAW PENINSULA VYE, Erika C., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, ecvye@mtu.edu, ROSE, William I., Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological Univ, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, and MACLENNAN, Carol A., Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49930 The long mining history in Michigan’s Keweenaw leaves a shadow of environmental issues which are threatening to some residents; others see mining as a hope for needed jobs. With approximately 200 million tons of copper in the Keweenaw, recent exploration by Highland Copper Company Inc. has triggered urgent public interest. As Earth scientists we recognize that mining is a necessity, as is the need to do so in an environmentally responsible manner. The general public needs to know more about Earth science in order to make informed decisions for a sustainable and high quality future. How can universities better communicate geoscience information? We wish to gain insight into what the general public knows about mining (environmental concerns, mining practices, economic benefits) and what their attitudes are toward mining in this region (do people want this? why or why not?). Methodologies include a survey administered to the general public by random sample that addresses what the public knows about mining; this will be followed by semi-structured interviews with select respondents in order to deepen understanding of attitudes toward mining and the way place attachment may affect peoples’ position and decisions on land use issues. Additional data will be generated from an open discussion at a public meeting organized specifically to discuss concerns and misconceptions identified throughout this process. We wish to use this data to open a clear, genuine and equitable dialogue to discuss the issue of mining in our community. Understanding misconceptions, concerns, and attitudes toward mining among all stakeholders involved is critical in order to guide and develop open channels of communication within the Keweenaw community. 31-11 5:10 PM Phillips, Michael A. [218466] PROVIDING GEOLOGIC EXPERTISE TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES FACING ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS PHILLIPS, Michael A., Natural Sciences, Illinois Valley Community College, 815 N. Orlando Smith Ave, Oglesby, IL 61348-9692, mike_phillips@ivcc.edu Tens of thousands of sites where environmentally hazardous substances have been released into the environment or where industrial or mining operations are being proposed can be found in communities across the North America. These sites are investigated by professionals under the oversight of state and local environmental protection agencies. The oversight agencies have programs to keep impacted people informed. Unfortunately, these efforts may not succeed because local citizens and elected officials lack the technical expertise to understand what is being done and why. The lack of understanding combined with investigations that can take years can lead to resentment and mistrust. Offering geologic expertise to a community working through an environmental investigation can be both rewarding and educational. Environmental reports include a variety of basic geologic information including stratigraphy, well logs, maps of surficial and bedrock deposits, and cross sections. The reports may contain more detailed geologic material such as hydrogeologic analyses, river discharge forecasts, estimates of minable reserves, and coastal erosion projections. Communities impacted by these reports may lack the resources to hire their own consultant and welcome input from academic professionals and students. The resulting effort can provide benefits to all participants. The community benefits from having an objective review and someone on their side. Students benefit from working with real-world data; seeing how that data is collected, analyzed, and presented by professionals; and by preparing summaries and critiques that are accurate and easily understood. Academic professionals benefit from access to data they may utilize in teaching or further research, helping local communities understand their environment, and by working with other geologists to develop solutions to environmental issues. This talk will conclude with several examples of community outreach including an analysis of a mine proposal, a long-term consultation with a community advisory group seeking remediation of a Superfund site, and the examination of a groundwater contamination concern. Effective outreach can result in long-term professional relationships and access to additional opportunities to provide assistance. SESSION NO. 32, 1:30 PM Friday, 3 May 2013 T12. Research in Earth Science Education Fetzer Center, Room 2020 32-1 1:30 PM Gilchrist, Ann M. [217999] STUDENT SURVEYS: USEFUL TOOLS TO ENGAGE NON-SCIENCE MAJORS IN LAB ACTIVITY REVISIONS GILCHRIST, Ann M., Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, ann.m.gilchrist@wmich.edu Like most universities, WMU offers an introductory-level geology course for general-education students (non-majors). In early 2012, declining enrollment, poor student evaluations and negative teaching assistant feedback drove the formation of a committee to revise this course. The issues were: a lab that was not coordinated with lecture, a computer tutorial that was not engaging, and a focus on memorization. The committee selected the Earth Science Literacy Initiative (ESLI) “Big Ideas” as a guide for reform. New course goals were to help students develop an understanding of how earth works, how it influences them and how their choices influence it. A revised course developed in spring and summer was implemented in fall. To ensure that the original issues were rectified, student surveys were developed and completed for each lab session. These consisted of modified Likert ratings for overall lab quality, 6-9 Likert items such as was lab connected with lecture, did it have a clear purpose and improve understanding, and concluded with open-ended questions on what was most helpful, least enjoyable and recommendations for improvement. As a member of the committee, the lab coordinator compiled data and reported the results. Highest overall rated labs were stream tables, Michigan fossils, earth hazards and pit mining. Comments indicated these were popular since most of the period was hands-on exercises and student teams were larger. 2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 69
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structures, isolated sink-fills, an
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NaCl+KCl+HCl+H 2 O. Sulfide mineral
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