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SESSION NO. 6 reported from areas proximal (< 25 km) to the study area and thus could potentially be hazardous to populations and properties. This will largely depend on the adopted building codes and engineering designs for urban settlements in the study area. 6-4 9:00 AM El Kadiri, Racha [218564] STATISTICAL AND REMOTE SENSING BASED APPROACH TO DETERMINE DEBRIS FLOWS TRIGGERING FACTORS EL KADIRI, Racha1 , SULTAN, Mohamed1 , BECKER, Richard2 , KRAWCZYK, Malgorzata1 , AL HARBI, Talal1 , and CHOUINARD, Kyle J. 1 , (1) Department of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, racha.elkadiri@wmich.edu, (2) Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2081 Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606 Debris flows represent a significant ecosystem disturbance, particularly in Jazan Mountains in Saudi Arabia. The area is subjected to intense precipitation levels related to Indian monsoons and high relief (up to 2.5 km a.m.s/l). We were able to characterize the spatial conditions that have controlled the occurrence of debris flows events in the area due to the advancement of remote sensing and geographic information systems. We extracted terrain characteristics in the area from remote sensing datasets, and used them as proxies to the different debris flows triggering factors. The remote sensing based parameters enable us to construct a weighted model that is calibrated against field based observations. The extracted criteria that enable us to control slope instability for shallow debris flows are: slope angle, elevation, topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index (SPI), convergence index (CI), aspect, soil roughness, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), flow accumulation index, and manmade feature distribution. 6-5 9:40 AM Mohamed, Lamees [218288] STRUCTURAL CONTROL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW, SOUTHERN SINAI, EGYPT: REMOTE SENSING CONSTRAINTS MOHAMED, Lamees, Geosciences, WMU, Kalamazoo, 49008, lamees.m.mihamed@ wmich.edu, SULTAN, Mohamed, Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5241, and ZAKI, Abotalib, Geosciences, WMU, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 The distribution of dikes and shear zones, their orientation, thickness, and density together with the rate and persistency of rainfall, absorptive characteristics of the land surface, permeability of the reservoir rocks, and slope gradient of land surface are the main factors that control the groundwater distribution and groundwater flow in southern Sinai. Precipitation generally occurs over the highly elevated Proterozoic basement rocks, and is channeled down stream as surface runoff in the valleys (wadis) or as groundwater flow in the alluvium aquifers flooring the valleys. Fractured basement can act as conduits for groundwater flow as well. We examined the temporal variations in backscattering values extracted from radar imagery to identify the waterbearing shear zones, dyke swarms, and valleys in the study area (southern Sinai). The adopted procedures were as follows: (1) spatial and temporal precipitation events over the basement complex were identified from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data; a major precipitation event (34 mm) that occurred on January, 17 2010 was identified and selected for this analysis, (2) the shear zones and dyke swarms within the study area were delineated using false color Landsat band and band ratio images, (3) four Envisat ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar radar) scenes were selected, one before (November, 11 2009 ) and three after (20January 2010, 5 February 2010 , and 12 March 2010) the identified precipitation event, (4) the four images were co-registered, orbital corrected, multilooked, filtered, radiometric calibrated and at last beta & sigma nought images were produced. Examining the generated backscattering images revealed that following a rain event, the water bearing dikes, shear zones, and valleys show evidence of retaining more water (high backscattering) than their surroundings. Ongoing research will focus on applying these findings to map all such aquifers in southern Sinai and to further test our findings by conducting geophysical techniques. 6-6 10:00 AM Ahmed, Mohamed [218224] MONITORING AQUIFER DEPLETION FROM SPACE: CASE STUDIES FROM NUBIAN SANDSTONE AQUIFER IN EGYPT AND THE SAQ AQUIFER IN SAUDI ARABIA AHMED, Mohamed, SULTAN, Mohamed, and ALHARBI, Talal, Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, mohamed.ahmed@ wmich.edu In arid and semi-arid regions of the world the demand for fresh water resources is increasing due to increasing populations and scarcity of fresh water supplies. Examples of these regions include the Middle East countries where the scarcity of fresh water is contributing to political instability, disputes, and conflicts. Many of these countries are blessed by having large amounts of fresh water stored in non-renewable and widely distributed aquifers. The majority of these aquifers remain poorly investigated for the following reasons: (1) their locations in the less-developed parts of the world, (2) the general inaccessibility of many of these regions, and (3) difficulties in collecting background information. Given the previous reasons, we developed an integrated approach to investigate the hydrologic setting of two main fresh water aquifers, the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS; area: 493 x 103 km2 ) in Egypt and the Saq Aquifer System (SAS; area: 489 x 103 km2 ) in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, we are addressing aquifer response to natural climatic and anthropogenic effects. Monthly (01/2003 – 09/2012) Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data was processed (destriped, Gaussian smoothed, and soil moisture removed) and used in conjunction with other relevant datasets to investigate aquifer depletion rates. Results indicate: (1) both NSAS and SAS are experiencing declining GRACE trends, (2) time series analyses show a negligible changes between GRACE before and after removing soil moisture indicating that the main drivers for GRACE anomalies are the groundwater extraction activities, (3) areas with negative GRACE trends are highly spatially correlated with irrigated areas, (4) the annual depletion rates based on GRACE data for the NSAS and SAS is estimated at 1.8 x 109 m3 (3.6 mm/yr) and 2.3 x 109 m3 (4.8 mm/yr) respectively, and (5) GRACE results are consistent with the reported groundwater extraction rates for both aquifers. Given the available temporal monthly GRACE solutions for the past eleven years, the global coverage of this data set, and the plans underway for the deployment of a GRACE follow-On and GRACE-II, we suggest that within the next few years, GRACE will probably become the most practical, informative, and cost effective procedure for monitoring aquifer depletion rates across the globe. 8 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs 6-7 10:20 AM Zmijewski, Kirk A. [218406] USING GRACE DATA TO MONITOR EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC MODIFICATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER IN THE ARAL SEA REGION: 2002-2012 ZMIJEWSKI, Kirk A., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2081 Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, kirk.zmijewski@rockets.utoledo.edu and BECKER, Richard H., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606 The Aral Sea watershed located in central Asia has seen significant anthropogenic modification since the mid 20th century, leading to a decrease in size of the sea by almost 90%. The watershed is a closed basin with an area of almost 2 million square kilometers which includes both the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river systems. A network of canals and channels has diverted a significant amount of flow from both rivers into various agricultural areas and reservoirs. Groundwater is an extremely important resource in the region providing the majority of river flow during winter months, while glacial melt provides up to 70% during the summer months in hot years. GRACE (Gravity and Climate Experiment) data from 2002-2012 was used to monitor total water storage trends within the basin using a linear model. The data was normalized with an annual periodic function to remove seasonality. The GLDAS (Global Land Data Assimilation Systems) model was used to estimate the monthly mass of soil moisture and snow cover. Total surface water mass was estimated using satellite imagery and historical topographic maps. Much of the water diverted from the Syr Darya and Amu Darya remains stored as groundwater recharge and growing artificial lakes which supports the regions agriculture. However, the water balance of the whole watershed shows an overall negative trend in water storage due to evaporative losses from these diversions. A positive trend in groundwater storage mass was observed in agricultural areas and in the vicinity of the reservoirs in the central part of the basin. Opposite trends were observed in the headwaters of both glacial-fed rivers within the Aral Sea basin. Total summer time snow cover area was determined for both rivers using Landsat imagery. An increase in total snow/ice cover in the Amu Darya headwaters was observed and a decrease in total snow/ice in the Syr Darya. The Amu Darya receives precipitation from the South Asian Monsoon which has increased in the last decade. The more northern headwaters of the Syr Darya River receive continental precipitation of which previous studies have shown no significant trends, but an increase of 1-2 degrees C over the past century may explain loss in mass due to glacial ablation. Future water and food security in the region depends on accurate monitoring and predictions of water resources in the future. 6-8 10:40 AM Becker, Richard H. [218495] THE STALLED RECOVERY OF THE MESOPTAMIAN MARSHES BECKER, Richard H., Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Ave, Toledo, OH 43606, richard.becker@utoledo.edu The Mesoptamian Marshes, an extensive wetlands system in Iraq which once covered roughly twice the area of the Florida Everglades, has been heavily impacted by both human and climate forces over the past decades. In the period leading up to the Second Gulf War in 2002, the marshlands were shrinking due to both a policy of draining and water diversion, and construction of dams upstream on the Euphrates in Turkey. Following the war through 2006, this trend was reversed as the diversions were removed and active draining stopped. The recovery reached its peak in 2006, but the marshes have been drying since, due to droughts and increased water storage upstream. A combination of MODIS, Landsat and GRACE datasets were used to determine if the change in water storage both in above ground and total storage both upriver in the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds, and in the Marshlands. This change in total water storage is used to help partition the changes between upstream retention and overall drying of the system. The Grace datasets show a gradual decrease in total water in the source water regions for the Euphrates over the period of 2002-2010, and a sharp change from increasing water surface area and mass to losing in the lower portion of the watershed containing the marshes in 2006. This suggests that the dam removal and decrease in pumping only provided a temporary respite for the marshlands and that their future is tied more strongly to any climate changes that will affect recharge in the upper Tigris-Euphrates system. SESSION NO. 7, 8:00 AM Thursday, 2 May 2013 Geoscience Education (Posters) Schneider Hall, Courtyard 7-1 BTH 1 Lane, Joe [218508] USING THE HISTORY OF RESEARCH ON THE PHENOMENON OF PLATE TECTONICS TO HELP STUDENTS BETTER APPRECIATE THE NATURE OF SCIENCE LANE, Joe, Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, joseph.m.lane@wmich.edu This paper provides the reader with a detailed history on the phenomenon of plate tectonics, which focuses on the German scientist, Alfred Wegener. Wegener proposed that throughout most of geologic time there was only one continental mass, and one ocean. To strengthen his argument, Wegener drew perspectives from numerous scientific fields, as well as past works from specific scientists. This paper is designed as an educational instrument in order for students to examine the physical processes that our planet has undergone over, long, geologic periods of time. Students are presented with a Scientific Benchmark, stressing the importance that: ‘science is in fact one vast single system, in which everything in the universe occurs in consistent patterns that are comprehensible through careful, systematic study.’ This argument includes information on the need to explore the work of scientists; as well as, the essential characteristics that scientists must obtain when investigating our natural world. It is the primary purpose of this paper to inform students of the importance of scientific advancements and to illustrate the benefits of using history to support a better understanding of the nature of science.
7-2 BTH 2 Miller, Kurtz K. [218056] ANALYZING GLACIAL TILL: AN INQUIRY-BASED PROJECT FOR HIGH SCHOOL EARTH SCIENCE STUDENTS MILLER, Kurtz K., Department of Teacher Education, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Chaminade Hall Annex 112P, Dayton, OH 45469, KurtzMiller@yahoo.com and COOK, Alex, Department of Teacher Education, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Chaminade Hall, Dayton, OH 45469 According to the National Research Council (NRC) by twelfth grade, high school students should have an understanding of the causes of ice ages, including details about the Milankovitch Cycles. High school seniors should also be aware of the notion that gradual changes in the eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit, axial tilt, and precession of orbit are responsible for orbital forcing of Earth’s global climate. There are a variety of ways to teach students about climatic cycles by using real data, including but not limited to the study of ice cores, ocean sediment cores, and Quaternary glacial deposits. The fact that Quaternary glacial deposits, including glacial till, are widely distributed throughout much of the Midwest make it possible for high school earth science teachers to instruct students about how glacientic sediments help geologists to interpret climatic conditions during the Pleistocene. This poster presentation will outline an inquiry-based, glacial till project conducted with junior and senior high school earth science students at the Miami Valley Career Technology Center (MVCTC) in Clayton, Ohio. Glacial till for the inquiry-based project was collected from Holes Creek Park, which is part of the Centerville-Washington Park District, Centerville, Ohio. The glacial till, inquiry-based project empowered earth science students to draw connections between the shape, genesis, and composition of till clasts and how the Pleistocene Ice Sheet moved through the Miami Valley in Southwestern Ohio. 7-3 BTH 3 Barney, Jeffrey A. [218796] USING SOLID ROCK CORE SAMPLES TO TEACH POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY BARNEY, Jeffrey A., Mallinson Institutute for Science Education, Western Michigan University, 6575 N 44th St, Augusta, MI 49012, jeffrey.a.barney@wmich.edu Teaching science content to K-12 students can be a struggle, especially when student engagement with lesson material is a problem. One way teachers can help engage students is to use hands-on activities. According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), teachers who regularly conduct hands-on activities in their classrooms report that their students out perform their peers by more than 40% of a grade level in science. At Western Michigan University we have developed a geology lesson using rock core samples to teach rock characteristics that are somewhat counterintuitive: porosity and permeability. This activity brings rock core samples and rock coring tools into the classroom for students to examine. Students study different types of sedimentary rocks and learn how layers of these rocks formed as the Great Lakes Basin experienced repeated cycles of flooding and evaporation hundreds of millions of years ago. Students also learn how petroleum forms and how oil and gas are found in the pore spaces of some types of rocks. Finally, the students are shown a variety of sedimentary rock cores and are tasked with determining which core would represent the most likely “host rock” for petroleum. The students accomplish this by using hand operated air pumps to test the porosity and permeability of the rocks by trying to force air through the core samples. The students use the results of this activity to evaluate a set of hypothetical well sites, and then vote to decide which well site should be developed. This activity teaches identification and formation of common sedimentary rocks and the Paleozoic history of the Great Lakes Basin. 7-4 BTH 4 Barone, Steven [218280] TEACHING PALEOCLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE TO FUTURE TEACHERS: AN ACTION RESEARCH STUDY BARONE, Steven, Geosciences Department, Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, steven.barone@wmich.edu and PETCOVIC, Heather, Department of Geosciences and The Mallinson Institute for Science Education, Western Michigan University, 1187 Rood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 The purpose of this action research study is to develop and evaluate a sequence of four lessons for an introductory earth science course taken by future elementary teachers. Action research is a reflective process of data collection and analysis used by teachers to improve their classroom practice. This study’s goal was to produce a series of lessons that align with the course philosophy, are effective at improving students’ understanding of climate change, and meet the state requirements for elementary teacher preparation. The action research cycle began by developing four lessons that follow the course philosophy of student-driven learning through guided-inquiry. The first lesson uses a jigsaw teaching approach in which students create a model of the carbon cycle. In the second lesson students design an experiment to test the effect of carbon dioxide on atmospheric temperature and use a computer animation to further investigate the greenhouse effect. In the third lesson, students use Google Earth to determine 50-year temperature averages for various cities across the globe. In the fourth lesson students examine Vostok ice core data to reconstruct a 300,000 year climate record and its relationship to Milankovitch cycles. Although these lessons are designed for and tested in a course for future elementary teachers, they could be adapted to other settings as well (e.g. high school, college non-majors earth science courses). The action research cycle continued with lesson implementation, data collection, analysis/ reflection, and revision of the lessons. Three data sets were used to evaluate the lessons: 1) student knowledge gains on an objective pre- and post-test, 2) students’ self-reported confidence with the lesson content, and 3) classroom observations to monitor lesson implementation. Data analysis in the spring 2012 and fall 2012 semesters revealed that students were able to identify natural mechanisms that cause climate to change, distinguish between weather and climate, and identify greenhouse gases as contributing to global warming. However, they struggled with interpreting graphs and identifying how natural processes affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. These results guide changes for future lesson implementation to complete the action research study. SESSION NO. 8, 8:00 AM Thursday, 2 May 2013 Paleontology (Posters) Schneider Hall, Courtyard SESSION NO. 8 8-1 BTH 5 Johnson, Daryl [218745] SIZE-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION AND TAPHONOMY OF BRACHIOPODA FROM THE HUGHES CREEK SHALE (CARBONIFEROUS) OF SOUTHEASTERN NEBRASKA JOHNSON, Daryl, WULF, Shane, and HANGER, Rex, Geography & Geology, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190, JohnsonDG22@uww.edu The Hughes Creek Shale Member of the Foraker Formation (Carboniferous) in Richardson County, Nebraska contains a diverse and abundant open-marine fauna. Species of the Phylum Brachiopoda dominate, although crinoids and bryozoans are also common, while corals, gastropods, trilobites and shark teeth are rare. Two Rhynchonelliform species, the pedunculate Spiriferinid, Hustedia mormoni, and the free-living Strophomenate Dyoros sp., were studied in greater detail as proxy for taphonomy of the entire fauna. Standard length and width measurement was supplemented with articulation ratios as well as qualitative categorizations of corrasion, fragmentation and epibiont coverage for all individuals of the target species. Preliminary results include: skewed size frequency distributions for both with most juveniles absent; high (>95%) articulation for H. mormoni, and moderate (~50%) for D. sp.; low levels of corrasion and epibiont coverage suggesting short seafloor residence times; and low fragmentation, mostly splayed. These results contrast strongly for all taphonomic metrics for the most common brachiopod species of the fauna (e.g. Neospirifer kansasensis, Reticulatia huecoensis)., which also are the largest members of the fauna. 8-2 BTH 6 Day, Jed [218516] EARLY CARBONIFEROUS (EARLIEST TOURNAISIAN-KINDERHOOKIAN) BRACHIOPOD AND CONODONT FAUNAS OF THE “ELLSWORTH” MEMBER OF THE NEW ALBANY SHALE, ILLINOIS BASIN, SOUTHERN INDIANA DAY, Jed, Geography & Geology, Illinois State Univ, Normal, IL 61790-4400, jeday@ilstu.edu, EVANS, Scott D., Geology, State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454, OVER, D. Jeffrey, Geological Sciences, S.U.N.Y. Geneseo, Geneseo, NY 14454-1401, HASENMUELLER, Nancy R., Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, and LEONARD, Andrea M., Geography & Geology, Illinois State University, 2377 24th St, Moline, IL 61265 The upper New Albany Shale in southern Indiana consists of the Jacob’s Chapel, Henryville, Underwood, and Falling Run beds within the upper Clegg Creek Member and the “Ellsworth” Member. The conodont fauna from the upper Clegg Creek Member below the Falling Run Bed and “Ellsworth” Member includes Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus, Branmehla bohlenana, Br. inornata, Cryptotaxis culminidirecta, Palmatolepis glabra ssp., Pa. gracilis gracilis, and Protognathodus sp. This fauna is latest Famennian (uppermost Devonian praesulcata Zone). The “Ellsworth” Member at a roadcut exposure near Rockford, Indiana (locality 9 of Huddle, along US Alt. 31, now covered) is the type locality for the lost holotype of conodont Siphonodella sulcata. The gray-green brachiopod-bearing shale noted by Huddle at the type locality of Si. sulcata is the “Ellsworth” Member, which in Indiana Survey Drill Hole 324, eight km northwest of Huddle locality 9, contains specimens of Bispathodus, Branmehla, Polygnathus communis communis, and Si. sulcata. This fauna is correlated with the lowest Carboniferous sulcata Zone. At the US Highway 31 roadcut, sulcata Zone conodonts occur in association with a brachiopod fauna originally described by Huddle that includes:Subglobosochonetes seymorensis, Rhipidomella newalbaniensis, Schuchertella sp., Rhynchopora prisca, and Sphenospira sp. cf. S. alta. In the Indiana Survey Drill Hole 324 core, brachiopod assemblages in the lower half of the “Ellsworth” are comprised almost entirely of S. seymorensis, with moderately diverse assemblages with S. seymorensis, R. prisca and R. newalbaniensis in the upper half below the Henryville Bed. None of the brachiopod species recovered from the “Ellsworth” fauna of southeastern Indiana are known to carryover from older Famennian (praesulcata Zone) strata in the region, although older related species of Rhynchopora, Ripidomella, and Schuchertella occur in the latest Famennian carbonate platform fauna of the Louisiana Limestone of Illinois and Missouri. The “Ellsworth” brachiopod fauna is similar to the earliest-early Tournaisian fauna described from the Glen Park Formation of western Illinois Basin in Illinois and eastern Missouri that also yields conodonts of the sulcata Zone. 8-3 BTH 7 Smrecak, Trisha A. [218374] COMPARING SCLEROBIONT COVERAGE OF RAFINESQUINA ALTERNATA IN HARDGROUND AND SOFT-BOTTOM SUBSTRATE SETTINGS IN THE CINCINNATI ARCH REGION (CINCINNATIAN, UPPER ORDOVICIAN) SMRECAK, Trisha A., Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48906, smrecakt@msu.edu Sclerobionts are more sensitive indicators of paleoenvironmental changes than host shell substrates upon which they encrust (Lescinsky, 1995). Recent work has established sclerobiofacies on the host brachiopod Rafinesquina as an independent bathymetric proxy in soft bottom substrates in the Lt. Ordovician Cincinnati Arch region (Smrecak, 2008; Brett, et al., 2012). Metrics used to establish the sclerobiofacies were applied to bionts on deployed shells off the coast of Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas (Brett, et al., 2011) with high agreement, suggesting that aspects of sclerobiont coverage may vary predictably with depth through geologic time. However, as sessile, filter feeding organisms, sclerobionts are also highly susceptible to the influx of sedimentation (Mistiaen, et al., 2011). This work compares sclerobiont suites encrusting on Rafinesquina cemented in a hardground (Meyer, 1990, Shroat-Lewis, 2011) with those found on the same hosts in shallow euphotic zone soft bottom samples in the Maysvillian (Grant Lake Fm., Bellevue and Mt. Auburn Mbrs.), and similar environments in the Richmondian (see Vogel and Brett, 2009). Hardgrounds are formed by in situ substrate lithification during times of low sedimentation, frequently during widespread marine transgressions (Brett, et al., 2011; Cornell, et al., 2004), while soft-bottom substrates reflect a more consistent influx of sediment. Metrics including richness, areal coverage, occurrence, and encrustation frequency are used to evaluate sclerobiont suites in hardground and soft bottom samples to discern how sedimentation rate impacts sclerobiont encrustation. Preliminary analysis suggests low sedimentation rate dampens the areal coverage of host shells significantly (from an average of 18%/shell (STD 9.36) in softbottom substrates to 7% in the hardground setting). Sclerobiont richness in the hardground sample was higher than soft bottom substrate samples, with 3 taxa, including edrioasteroids, 2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 9
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distribution of P and other element
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Crane, Renee 21-5* Crisp, Alexis A.
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