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SESSION NO. 34 SESSION NO. 34, 3:30 PM Friday, 3 May 2013 T20. Applied Geology: Engineering, Environmental, Geotechnical and Hydrogeology (Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists) Fetzer Center, Kirsch Auditorium 34-1 3:30 PM West, Terry R. [218203] RECENT STUDIES IN APPLIED GEOLOGY, A CONTINUING STORY, TIPPECANOE COUNTY, NORTHWEST INDIANA WEST, Terry R., Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, trwest@purdue.edu Tippecanoe County, Indiana, home of Purdue University, is a convenient location for field studies in applied geology for students and faculty. Undergraduate research projects of a short duration, master’s studies and continuing field investigations by faculty members are facilitated by the close vicinity of the field sites. Over the years, the author has had numerous opportunities to be involved in this work. Studies have included ground water supply problems where shallow siltstone bedrock prevails, the ancestral Wabash River channel location, wetlands associated with agricultural farming, fields with drainage tiles versus those in undrained areas, environmental concerns along the Wabash River floodway, siting of a new sanitary landfill and environmental concerns for existing ones, gravel deposits in glacial terrain , soil erosion from residential construction yielding sediment transport and deposition, consideration of the Lafayette dam and reservoir proposed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, right of way concerns for highway relocation, expansion of university ownership into a former gravel pit property, eminent domain issues with local government and Purdue University, evaluation of the geology and terrain at the Battle of Tippecanoe, November 1811 and age dating of gravel deposits in the Wea Outwash Plain. A brief summary of these projects will be presented with emphasis on the influence of geology and topography of Tippecanoe County. 34-2 3:50 PM Alfaifi, Hussain J. [218648] COMPARING SLUG TEST RESULTS IN UNCONFINED AQUIFERS ANALYZED USING DIFFERENT METHODS ALFAIFI, Hussain J., Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 4129 Chelten Ave, Kalamazoo, MI 49006, hussainjaber.a.alfaifi@wmich.edu and HAMPTON, Duane R., Dept. of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, MS 5241, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Slug test methods are used to determine aquifer hydraulic conductivity (K) in situ more quickly and economically than with a pump test. This study compares slug test methods for unconfined aquifers, including Bouwer and Rice (1976), Kansas Geological Survey (1994), Hvorslev (1951) and Dagan (1978). Slug test data from several wells in two separate unconfined aquifers is analyzed to examine the effects of having well screens either entirely submerged or crossing the water table. This study attempts to answer questions such as: Does the Bouwer and Rice method work? Does a big slug yield better results than a small slug? Does the option of assuming a well skin make a significant difference in the slug test results? To address these questions, experiments were conducted in a 7-foot diameter culvert installed vertically in a 7.5-foot deep hole and then backfilled with uniform sand. Six monitoring wells were installed in this uniform man-made unconfined aquifer, and two sizes of slug rods were used in testing these wells. One rod was five feet long and 1 inch in diameter. The larger rod was almost 7 feet long and 1.5 inches in diameter, with an embayment in the bottom and a slot in one side to make room for a pressure transducer and its cable. Tests also were conducted on five closelyspaced wells installed in a natural unconfined aquifer with different screen lengths and depths relative to the water table. All wells tested at both sites were two inches in diameter. Hydraulic conductivity (K) values calculated from tests in the culvert and the natural aquifer show that the Bouwer and Rice method results are closer to the KGS results than to the Hvorslev values. Bouwer and Rice K’s are noticeably smaller than KGS or Hvorslev K’s; the difference is statistically significant. Bouwer and Rice K values have a smaller standard deviation than the KGS or Hvorslev values. Hydraulic conductivity values obtained from tests using the big slug rod are significantly bigger than K’s obtained using a smaller slug rod, regardless of analysis method chosen. Since slug test K’s are invariably smaller than pump test K’s, the larger K’s obtained using the big slug are believed to be more accurate. This means that better results are obtained when slug size is maximized. 34-3 4:10 PM Salim, Rachel [218691] LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF CAPILLARY RISE IN SANDS AND SILTS SALIM, Rachel, Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Ave MS 5241, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, salimr@michigan.gov and HAMPTON, Duane R., Dept. of Geosciences, Western Michigan University, 1903 W. Michigan Avenue, MS 5241, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 Literature values for the height of capillary rise in fine sands, silts, and clays are contradictory. The late C.W. Fetter (Applied Hydrogeology, 3rd ed., 1994) claimed that the height of capillary rise varies from 1.5 cm in fine gravel to 100 cm in “very fine sand” up to 750 cm in “fine silt”. We found these numbers for finer materials unbelievable. Our research goal is to measure capillary rise in sands and silts, and use our data to identify believable equations and values in the literature for sands, silts and clays. Uniform sand grains 0.4-0.7 mm in diameter were carefully packed into two-inch diameter glass columns. These were placed into clear tanks with water level held constant. The average height of capillary rise observed above the constant water level was 13.5 cm, similar to Fetter’s 15 cm for a similar size sand. The sand was also treated with a water-repellent spray to test capillary rise in a hydrophobic porous medium. This was done to show the effects that wettability has on capillary rise. The capillary fringe was observed to be below the free water level in the tank. In four hydrophobic sand columns, the average depression of the saturated zone was 5.75 cm. Capillary rise in a finer uniform 0.3-0.6 mm sand is currently being measured. Capillary rise in silt with average grain size below 40 microns was also measured after the silt was mixed with equal volumes of the 0.4-0.7 sand to make the column packing work better. The columns are up to 264 cm high. In several silt column experiments, the silt cracked. All of the tests above were repeated using kerosene instead of water; in two silt columns, the capillary rise of kerosene 72 2013 GSA Abstracts with Programs was 134 cm and there was no cracking. This value for kerosene scales to a water capillary rise of 228 cm. We hope to identify equations for calculating capillary rise that come close to data values we believe. We are focusing on the equation Fetter used as well as the Polubarinova-Kochina (1952) (P-K) equation which is: hc = 0.45 ((1 – n) / n)/ d10 , with n = porosity, hc = capillary rise and d10 = effective grain diameter (hc and d10 in cm). Our tests with water in sand averaged hc = 13.5 cm for 5 tests; the P-K value is 14.8 cm. The capillary rise in silt calculated using P-K was 181 cm; Fetter’s value would be 188 cm. We hope to add water to a 25% silt, 75% sand column without cracking to measure capillary rise and compare with these values. 34-4 4:30 PM Jha, Rajan [218794] ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIVERSAL REGRESSION MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF STREAM MORPHOLOGY BASED ON RELIEF, CLIMATE & WATERSHED VARIABLES JHA, Rajan, Environmental & Water Resource Engineering, Virginia Tech, 800 newport terrace, Blacksburg, VA 24060, rajan@vt.edu Are stream properties decoupled from watershed characteristics? Or else do watershed characteristics dictate the channel morphology? If they dictate then can we predict the values of stream properties (Bankfull discharge, Width, Depth, Channel slope, Sinuosity and Meander wavelength) based on the value of its watershed variables (namely: Rainfall/Runoff intensity, Relief, Drainage area , Valley slope , Sediment supply , Watershed elevation , Forest cover, Urban cover, Grass Cover , type of vegetation, Bank material, Soil type, Tectonic events)? The answer to these questions can be very critical in establishing universal relationships that could help us predict the values of hydraulic geometry for any stream across the globe. This research is exactly based on finding answers to these questions and quantitatively figuring out the degree of dependency of the watershed inputs to the stream variables. In “Part I” we do a qualitative study of the watershed characteristics and reason how perturbations in any one of the characteristic can lead to change in one or all of the stream properties. We try figuring the threshold values of change of each stream property (width, depth, channel gradient and others) and thereby determining how a stream accomplishes its objective of maintaining a “Quasi-Equilibrium state.”In “Part II” we do an empirical study of formulating dimensionless regression equations in order to predict bankfull hydraulic geometry. The results from Part II can be very helpful in deciding which dimensionless watershed variable has the most dominant affect on each dimensionless channel property. Based on a large data set of 600 data points, a cumulative universal regression model is developed. Later the data set is segregated into state/region wise and equations are developed separately for streams of 20 different states mainly belonging to USA, Canada, UK & New Zealand. The regression results clearly indicate “annual average rainfall with distribution, drainage area and mean basin elevation” as the most important and significant parameters which when combined integrate the effects of other watershed variables namely: urban cover, forest cover, sediment supply, etc. 34-5 4:50 PM Byer, Gregory [218354] DISCOVERY OF CONCEALED SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES AND CONTAMINATION AT HISTORIC INDUSTRIAL SITES THROUGH INTEGRATION OF GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION INTO THE INVESTIGATION PROCESS BYER, Gregory, ARCADIS U.S., Inc, 132 East Washington Street, Suite 600, Indianapolis, IN 46204, gregory.byer@arcadis-us.com Performance of environmental investigations on properties containing historic industrial operations is a common occurrence. Guided by historic documents, the investigator must endeavor to align past features with current site characteristics that often differ from one another. In some situations, subsurface geophysical exploration helps the environmental geoscientist make informed decisions about the placement of soil borings, wells, or test pits, and provides a visceral image of the site. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate to geoscience professional some of the circumstances for which there may be tangible benefit from the use of geophysical techniques. Most often, the geophysical survey is performed as a series of regularly spaced measurements within a defined area of interest - measurements of electrical conductivity, magnetic field, and metal content are the most widely used reconnaissance mapping techniques. Ground penetrating radar is also frequently employed to provide 2D or 3D imaging of features discovered by reconnaissance mapping. In some cases resistivity or seismic imaging are selected as a means of adding geologic details, particularly when shallow bedrock is present. The geophysical objectives often include the need for discovery of buried fuel, process chemical, or waste containment vessels. Associated infrastructure often includes pipes for conveyance of fluids to dispensing or treatment areas. Sumps, dry wells, and septic tanks are often the target of interest due to liquid waste disposal into drain systems. Sewers and other utilities often provide mobile contaminants a pathway for spreading away from the source area and entering aquifers or streams. Knowledge of buried foundations provides confirmation of the location of above or below ground storage, processing or treatment facilities from which contamination originated. The examples provided illustrate a variety of geologic settings, types of historical facilities, contaminants, and site-specific characteristics and objectives. Tangible benefits resulted in each situation shown. Whether to guide additional sampling activities or estimation of remediation costs, the inclusion of geophysical exploration in site investigation activities may be well advised for historic industrial facilities. 34-6 5:10 PM Mickelson, David [218388] USING LIDAR TO MAP STABLE SLOPE SETBACKS ON LAKE SUPERIOR SHORE BLUFFS IN IRON AND DOUGLAS COUNTIES, WISCONSIN MICKELSON, David, Geology and Geophysics, U. of Wisconsin - Madison, 1215 W. Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706-1692, mickelson@geology.wisc.edu and LAUMANN, Jason, Northwest Regional Planning Commission, 1400 South River St, Spooner, WI 54801 Primarily because of its proximity to the Minneapolis-St. Paul population center, there is increasing development pressure on this part of the Lake Superior shoreline. Much of the shoreline of Iron and Douglas counties has bluffs from about 30 to almost 100 feet (10-30m) high. Our setback line is based on stable slope angle, rate of past recession, and a facility setback. The bluffs consist almost entirely of clayey till, sandy, stony till or sand and gravel. The geology of the bluff has been described in two earlier studies, and we use that vertical distribution of sediment, modified by field observations in 2011, as the basis for interpretation of sediment type. Stable slope angles for each sediment were established by measuring natural slopes in the area and determining what angle appears to separate stable from unstable slopes. The stable slope component of setback is the horizontal distance from the base of the bluff to where the stable slope angle intersects the bluff top. This is calculated in a GIS. Most past shoreline recession rates range from almost zero to about 6 feet (2 m) per year. Past annual recession rates, determined in a separate study by comparison of orthophotos taken at least two different times
in the past, are multiplied by 50 years. These are added to the stable slope setback and a 75 foot facility setback to produce a total setback line. SESSION NO. 35, 3:00 PM Friday, 3 May 2013 T21. Field Trips, Guidebooks, and Apps: Exploring the Present, Past and Future of Geological Field Trips and Field Trip Guidebooks Fetzer Center, Room 2040 35-1 3:00 PM Evans, Kevin R. [217195] MEMOIRS OF AN UNREPENTANT GEOLOGIC FIELD TRIP LEADER EVANS, Kevin R., Geography, Geology, & Planning Dept, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, kevinevans@missouristate.edu Geologic field trips fall into three categories: student, professional, and recreational. Geoscience teachers generally agree that student field trips offer some of the best opportunities for student learning. This is perhaps attributable to the novelty for students and the immersive aspects that enhance engagement. They clearly provide an opportunity for development of experiential skill sets from observation, interpretation, and feedback through the Socratic method. Professional and recreational field trips share many of the same attributes but tend to address more controversial content or require greater physical exertion. So how does one learn to plan and lead geologic field trips? Budgeting and liability advice are available in the Geological Society of America Section Handbook, which is available online (http://www.geosociety.org/sectionmanual/toc.htm#ft), but there are few other resources and checklists for field trip leaders. Experience is not always the best teacher, but anecdotes can give insight into the variety of mishaps that can befall a trip. This talk provides personal and secondhand examples of inclement weather, poor road conditions, bad navigation, vehicle breakdowns, medical risks, natural hazards, and potential liabilities. All-in-all, there are few field trips where negative extrinsic factors have not served to make them memorable — if not treasured — in hindsight. 35-2 3:20 PM Savina, Mary E. [218743] FIELD TRIPS: A “SIGNATURE PEDAGOGY” FOR GEOSCIENCE’S “TANGLED BANKS” SAVINA, Mary E., Geology, Carleton College, 1 N. College St, Northfield, MN 55057, msavina@carleton.edu According to Lee Shulman, each profession has a “signature pedagogy,” a type of assignment or experience that sets that discipline apart. In geology, one of the signature pedagogies is the field trip. As all of us know, outcrops, modern geologic environments and, in fact, other data sources used by geoscientists are complex: much is missing, some things are overrepresented, etc. The challenge of sorting it all out is what enticed many of us to geoscience in the first place. We don’t have to search beyond our local exposures for the kind of messy, real-life problems that make for excellent instructional material, both for geoscience students and others taking our classes. At Carleton College, we base our undergraduate teaching on multiple field experiences: starting early, happening often, and set up as inquiries. Because professional geoscientists use the “field trip” signature pedagogy too, not only with their students, but with each other, writing a field trip guidebook is something we can ask our students to do, along with writing in other professional formats such as literature reviews, grant proposals and research results. Doing the research and writing ahead of the trip gives students more ownership when the trip happens. Moreover, the students responsible for the guidebook entries can then lead the problem-solving and discussion at the field trip sites. 35-3 3:40 PM Rawling, J. Elmo [218641] DEVIL’S LAKE FIELDTRIPS REBOOTED: MIXING TRADITION AND TECHNOLOGY RAWLING, J. Elmo III1 , ROWLEY, Rex1 , GULTCH, Ben1 , MCCARTNEY, M. Carol2 , and ATTIG, John W. 3 , (1) Geography/Geology, University of Wisconsin Platteville, 1 University Plaza, Platteville, WI 53818, rawlingj@uwplatt.edu, (2) Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, University of Wisconsin - Extension, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705, (3) Department of Environmental Sciences, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, 3817 Mineral Point Road, Madison, WI 53705 A field trip to Devil’s Lake State Park is an important legacy in Wisconsin’s earth science tradition. By 1872, T.C. Chamberlain was leading educational field trips to the park while he was faculty at the Whitewater Normal School (now UW-Whitewater). The combination of Precambrian and Quaternary geology in the park results in a physical geography unique in the upper-Midwest including steep bluffs with talus, moraines, folded rock, and an unconformity, all in close proximity. Today more than 100 colleges and universities lead earth science field trips to Devil’s Lake State Park and more than a million people visit the park each year for recreation. A field trip there has been conducted as a part of the Geoscience curriculum at UW-Platteville since at least the 1930’s. The trips are included in courses ranging from general education to advanced undergraduate courses. Most of the general education students are non-science majors, and this is one of the few science experiences they will have as an undergraduate. Therefore, this field trip is a crucial link for STEM recruitment and successful student exposure to science content and skills. However, every year several students are not able to meet the physical demands of the trip due to a variety of reasons (disabilities, sports injuries, physical fitness, etc.). To address this, we used mobile GIS to develop an interactive set of maps to allow these students to experience Devil’s Lake virtually along with their classmates. Building on this work, we are creating an interactive map-based mobile app and website for self-guided geology tours of the park, intended for the broader audience of smart-phone and tablet users that visit the park for recreation. As many as 31% of adults own tablets and 45% own smart-phones and they often use their mobile devices for “just-in-time” information. The app and mobile website will provide that real-time information about the geology of the park and it will expand access to science content and skills to recreational park users. SESSION NO. 35 35-4 4:00 PM Huysken, Kristin T. [218665] PAIRED PROJECT-BASED FIELD TRIPS TO THE STARVED ROCK AREA, MATTHEISSEN AND BUFFALO ROCK STATE PARKS, AND THE ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL STATE TRAIL – ILLINOIS HUYSKEN, Kristin T., ARGYILAN, Erin P., and VOTAW, Robert, Department of Geosciences, Indiana University Northwest, 3400 Broadway, Gary, IN 46408-1197, khuysken@iun.edu As pedagogies in undergraduate education shift toward an emphasis on discovery- and projectbased learning, incorporating field-based exercises into field trips and field trip guidebooks can enhance the application of project-centered instruction. By nature, field investigations require simultaneous application of multiple geological concepts and pedagogies (e.g., hypothesis development, data collection, application of content knowledge, interpretation, graphical/spatial analyses), and demonstrate the relevance of geo-scientific concepts in local and regional contexts. We have developed a pair of field-based projects that make use of State Parks and Natural Areas in the Starved Rock area near LaSalle, IL, including excellent exposures in Mattheissen State Park, Buffalo Rock State Park, and the Illinois & Michigan Canal State Trail. Our intent is to give students level-appropriate experience in approaching real field problems and themes. We have used these field-based projects for all levels of geology students, and pre- and in-service teachers – sometimes revisiting or adding to previous projects to support student learning at a variety of levels. The projects are independently scalable in the sense that the breadth and length can be modified to accommodate different learning levels, student populations, and time allotments. They can also be paired - providing opportunities for scaffolding of geologic concepts from basic observation in two dimensions at the local scale to interpretations in three-dimensional space at the regional scale, and provide a reflective component where intellectual advancement can be demonstrated. Proximity of many Midwestern institutions to the Starved Rock area makes it an ideal location around which to develop this project. 35-5 4:20 PM Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg [218102] DIGITAL AND ON-SITE FIELD TRIP GUIDES TO THE CENTRAL ANDEAN PUNA PLATEAU KAY, Suzanne Mahlburg, EAS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, smk16@cornell.edu and COIRA, Beatriz, Conicet, Universidad de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina Leading field trips to remote localities with difficult logistics is a challenging aspect of viewing some of the world’s most spectacular geology. The increase in digital technology including the ability to download and modify PDF images, use satellite imagery including that freely available on Google and other websites and low cost on-line annotated color images has greatly enhanced opportunities for digital field trips that provide an alternative to print field guides. A challenge is to produce versatile field guides that allow access to these areas through digital technology in parallel with print guides to use on site where access to digital technology can be limited or expensive. A challenge in producing digital guides is adapting to constantly changing technology that make those based on free web sites hard to sustain in comparison with print guides that last for decades. In 2008, we attempted such a 7 day guide to the central Andean Puna plateau; which was published along with four others from the 2006 Meeting of the Americas in Argentina in Geological Society of America Field Guide 13. The guide contains a disclaimer that support for vehicles is absent in most of the region, fuel may be unavailable, there are hazards in a high altitude desert at elevations of 3500-4500meters and 4-wheel vehicles with experienced drivers are needed. A road log is not provided; field sites are identified on maps with WSGS84 geographic coordinates. While in a remote region, the trip features some of the world’s largest ignimbrites on the Earth’s second highest and most important volcanic plateau, mafic cinder cones, andesitic to dacitic volcanic centers including the world’s highest active center, internally drained salar and sedimentary basins, well exposed normal, thrust and strike faults, incredible alluvial fans and erosional features on the plateau margins, a complexly deformed pre-Cenozoic basement and breath taking scenery. Enough time has passed to view the guide with hindsight. We don’t know if anyone has attempted the entire trip since the guide was published, but know that parts of the guide have been used. The supporting Google site has changed with improvements in higher resolution images in some areas and deterioration of the larger view in the free version as local images have been added. 35-6 4:50 PM Saja, David B. [218644] GOLD PANNING: A MUSEUM FIELD TRIP, EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE, AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITY SAJA, David B., Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106-1767, dsaja@cmnh.org “Gold! Gold! Gold!!!” announced the first gold panning fieldtrip run by the Cleveland Museum of Natural History in the summer of 1986. Run nearly every year since, it was originally led by two museum educators (Robert Bartolotta and JoAnn Coburn), and is now led by Bartolotta and by the Museum’s Curator of Mineralogy. Originally, the trip visited local parks just to look and not collect, but now it is run in collaboration with the Buckeye Chapter of the Gold Panning Association of America (GPAA), and travels to the Swank Claim in Richland County, a private claim registered with the state. Rivers in northern Ohio are influenced by glacially carved valleys and till deposits. Their sediment is dominated by various types and ages of glacial material from clay beds to a wide variety of erratics brought from Canada. Mining at the Swank deposit is limited to just the stream bed, which erodes an outwash valley deposit of possible pre-Wisconsinan till. During the drive from Cleveland to the claim, glacial geology, the glacial history of Ohio, and the physical geography of the glacial-outwash valley that cradles the prospect are discussed. Past human exploitation of the deposit and how it is now maintained and regulated by the state EPA and GPAA is also covered. At the claim, members of the GPAA demonstrate the technique of panning for gold (acquire gravel from the river bottom and classify it by size and density to obtain concentrated heavy sand) first with a simple plastic gold pan, and then with a small dredge. A field microscope setup on the river bank allows participants to view their finds and learn the mineralogy of sand using identified prepared slides. They are surprised to learn that sand is a size classification and that its composition varies to include minerals like diamond, garnet, and rutile. Each year unique glacial cobbles and a few kilograms of concentrate, discarded after panning, are collected for research and museum specimens. The heavy black sands hold clues to the origin of these glacial sediments. From composition, sphericity, and angularity one can discern an original glacial-sand and two recent sand populations derived from the decomposition of the glacial cobbles and from local sandstones. Despite advertising “do not expect to find nuggets”, this trip remains very popular, especially in today’s economy with gold at $1,670 tr. oz. 2013 GSA North-Central Section Meeting 73
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