Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow and the Chinese Revolution - KU ...

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The actual theoretical struggle between KMT and Communist students at the university centered around a number of basic points. First of all, the Communist students maintained that Dr. Sun's Three Principles of the People were merely three principles and not a complete theory. They also held that the three principles applied to a "bourgeois democratic revolution," not to a proletarian revolution. KMT students argued that the Chinese revolution should progress through two stages, the first stage consisting of a revolution against foreign domination for national independence and the second stage consisting of a social revolution within China. The second stage, they insisted, had to be postponed until after the first stage had been achieved. Communist students argued that the social revolution was an indispensable part of the revolution for national independence. For unless social revolution were offered to the masses—such social reforms as reduced land rentals, salary increases, and better working conditions —they held that the masses could not be expected to join in the fight for national independence, and that the revolution against foreign domination would thereby be emasculated. KMT students responded by claiming that the Communists gave class struggle priority over the revolution for national independence and that they were destroying the united front against foreign domination in the process. To this argument the Communists replied that the KMT's position was hypocritical, that the KMT merely wanted to ride to power on the backs of the people and that, once in power, the KMT would do nothing to improve the lot of the people. Around and around we went. And this argument precisely reflected the argument going on in China between the KMT and the Communists. It was an argument which, unresolved, led to the split between the KMT and the Communists in China and to severence of relations between the Chinese Nationalist government and Soviet Russia. A second bone of contention between KMT and Communist students concerned Dr. Sun's "Principle of Livelihood." The dispute was both bookish and vehement, and both camps utilized passages from Sun Yat-sen's writings in attacking and in defending themselves. Communist students kept harking back to Dr. Sun's statement that "Livelihood is socialism, it is communism." 5 They neglected to complete Dr. 99
Sun's curious sentence, which added, ". . . it is Utopianism." 6 Another favorite quotation which they used was: I can put my distinction to-day between communism and the Min-sheng [People's] Principle in this way; communism is an ideal of livelihood, while the Min-sheng Principle is practical communism. There is no real difference between the two principles—Communism and Min-sheng—the difference lies in the methods by which they are applied. 7 KMT students, forced to respond to such challenging quotations, countered in the university's wall newspaper with an article entitled "The Principle of Livelihood is not Communism," by a student named Hsiao. Hsiao produced a passage from Dr. Sun's second lecture on the subject: "They [CCP members] do not realize that our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism. It is not a form that originated with Marx but a form that was practiced when primitive man appeared upon the earth." 8 To further strengthen his argument, Hsiao added this quote from Sun Yat-sen: "So in working out our Principle of Livelihood, we cannot use or apply in China the methods of Marx, although we have the deepest respect for his teaching. . . . Even Marx's disciples say that we cannot use his methods for the solution of all social problems in China." 9 Communist students counterattacked by recalling that Dr. Sun had written: "This proposal that all future increment shall be given to the community is the 'equalization of land ownership' advocated by the Kuomintang; it is the Min-sheng Principle. This form of the Minsheng Principle is communism, and since the members of the Kuomintang support the San Min Principles they should not oppose communism." 10 Indeed, there was an abundance of quotations in the writings of Sun Yat-sen to replenish the polemical arsenals of both Communist and KMT students, and the polemic went on and on. It was not surprising, of course, that both bodies of students could find what they sought in Dr. Sun's work on the "Principle of Livelihood." For Sun Yat-sen had written it at a time when he was striving to mobilize heterogeneous forces behind his movement. Disheartened by repeated lack of support from the West, he was seeking aid from the Soviet Union, while also seeking to make such use as he could of the fledgling CCP. At the same 100
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Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow an
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Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow an
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COPYRIGHT © 1971 CENTER FOR EAST A
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University in Moscow and of the 28
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of whom I was one. My memory, as is
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Contents Foreword v Preface vii Abb
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Introduction Dr. Sun Yat-sen was bo
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enough names to indicate that these
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Yat-sen University enrolled non-Com
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To Lenin, Dr. Sun Yat-sen represent
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momentum. This influence reached it
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gone to Russia to study at KUTV, in
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is approaching when the Soviet Unio
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University in Moscow in the same ye
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egistering for the examinations. Th
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Chapter II The Pilgrimage to Red Me
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Russian for about four or five mont
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Province. But I shall suppress my i
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While the Soviet Union was generall
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the stowage area because the very f
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nights on the train. We finally arr
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the Trade Union Building in Novembe
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large number of Trotskyite professo
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utterfly. At times he hung his head
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ector was filled by a very handsome
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of the university in the summer of
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Chapter IV The Internal Organizatio
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Rector Radek of Sun Yat-sen Univers
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world our denouncement of the consp
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Page 64 and 65: foreign currency. Therefore, the Ru
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Page 68 and 69: addition to employing most of the y
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Page 86 and 87: I was honored to teach the politica
Page 88 and 89: In all, there were four professors
Page 90 and 91: However, we might as well have been
Page 92 and 93: usually ran around two hours, and t
Page 94 and 95: dragged on and on, and finally the
Page 96 and 97: From the above, one can see that th
Page 98 and 99: Chapter VI Room, Board, and Recreat
Page 100 and 101: Let us now turn to housing at Sun Y
Page 102 and 103: When famous operas were staged in M
Page 104 and 105: staying temporarily in Russia we di
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Page 108 and 109: passed a resolution to cooperate wi
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Page 114 and 115: pai, who had attended the Congress
Page 116 and 117: ticular. At this crucial juncture i
Page 118 and 119: Chapter VIII Rule of the Moscow Bra
Page 120 and 121: 5. Destroy unity based on sentiment
Page 122 and 123: students and the entire petty bourg
Page 124 and 125: were, after all, human beings and n
Page 126 and 127: she said, should be based on trust
Page 128 and 129: eturn to China. In addition, they w
Page 130 and 131: Kai-shek, and the other to the work
Page 132 and 133: for example, Stalin had insisted th
Page 134 and 135: us the new title, "Chiang Kai-shek,
Page 136 and 137: committee simply had not expected t
Page 138 and 139: throw his lot in with the Communist
Page 140 and 141: Surely it was on this point that th
Page 142 and 143: ers whose sympathies lay with Trots
Page 144 and 145: Chapter X Feng Yu-hsiang—Honorary
Page 146 and 147: of thirty people, which included Yu
Page 148 and 149: Province, as did Feng. It seems app
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Page 154 and 155: However, their plans were destined
Page 156 and 157: Hu Han-min was an especially import
Page 158 and 159: Russian scholars. He also received
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discussions was the relationship be
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youngsters who had stood for hours
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Russia as well as among us students
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tionary movement developed rapidly.
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to make it known that they were see
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ecause of a desire to chat with his
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students to edit and translate it i
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many people at Sun Yat-sen Universi
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intern's China policy. In September
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occasionally turned up with deep sc
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5. To demand that the CPSU reorgani
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K'uan, Cheng Ch'ao-lin, Kao Yu-han,
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Trotskyites who had not been arrest
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of inquiry. In the heavy crossfire
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eighty to ninety Trotskyite student
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and alert. The prisoner, still brac
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There was also, of course, a good d
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The sages and idiots, after a thous
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1927, the Autumn Harvest Uprisings
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delegates to the Fifth Congress of
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gotten, but they probably were not
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uilding. Upon our arrival there, we
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torians have experienced problems a
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unanimously elected executive gener
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NIKOLAI BUKHARIN AND OTHER RUSSIANS
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can be converted into paddy fields,
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secretary general. Kuan had been a
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away, and we relaxed, feeling exhau
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Chapter XV The Struggle Against the
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elaborate celebration than ever bef
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the bureau of the Party branch. And
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ever, was short-lived. The Second L
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conspicuous. 3 They criticized the
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worker and peasant students. Althou
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oughly 5 percent of the approximate
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was located, one of twenty-six admi
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and then asked me to interpret what
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as long as the situation permitted.
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worried the 28 Bolsheviks. For she
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learned years later when I met seve
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truly remarkable that the Chinese C
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liminary Successes in One or More P
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line, so at the session and for a t
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I remained in Moscow. I was assigne
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special personnel arrangements that
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Chapter XVII The 28 Bolsheviks and
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Provincial Committee, was short-liv
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ack in Hong Kong, the British immed
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capitulated to the KMT authorities,
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next time, Li Chin-yung, who was di
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Kiangsi Province and at Mao Tse-tun
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in early 1933, Ch'in Pang-hsien and
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eceived from Jui-chin. 14 Upon rece
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as follows: (1) The Central Soviet
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Chang Wen-t'ien, a man of literary
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trends in the united front and expo
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sought to destroy in the 1960s, but
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Index In addition to abbreviations
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discrimination, racial, 32-33 "Do y
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for leadership of CCP, 237-261; sei
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at, 90-95; Student Commune, 92; "co
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