Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow and the Chinese Revolution - KU ...

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learned years later when I met several of them back in China. Among those in the group with Kao Ch'en-lieh, whom Ch'ing Man-yun now recalls, were Yen Yu-chen, Wang Yu-chih, Hsiang Yu-mei, Lin Ch'i-t'o, and Ch'iu Tung-wan (Lin Ch'i-t'o's wife, who was an old friend of Ch'ing Man-yun's and who came from Tsinan in Shantung Province, as did Ch'ing). After they had served their specified period of hard labor at Altai, they all, I believe, were sent back to China, where I met a number of them, or to wherever they had come from in the first place. Kao and Lin were sent back to the Philippines. Wang Yu-chih, it will be recalled, became prominent as an aid to the Nationalist General Hu Tsung-nan. He was at one time head of the Shensi provincial committee of the KMT. 5. For example, Wan Yah-kang (The Rise of Communism in China, 1920-1950 [Hong Kong: Chung Shu Publishing Co., n.d.], p. 23) states: "Among this group of new men there were the so-called Twenty-eight 'model Bolsheviks,' including Liu Shao-ch'i, Wang Chia-hsiang, Chang Wen-t'ien, Ch'en Yun, Jen Pih-shih [sic], Ch'in Pang-hsien, Li Fu-ch'un, and Chao Yun." Five of the eight names he gives were not among the 28 Bolsheviks. Liu Shao-ch'i, Jen Pi-shih, Li Fu-ch'un, Ch'en Yun, and Chao Yun did not study at Sun Yat-sen University and, of course, could therefore not have been among the 28 Bolsheviks. None of them was even in the USSR at the time of the struggle in Sun Yat-sen University out of which the 28 Bolsheviks emerged. 6. I never did learn what happened to Ch'u Ching-pai. 7. It had become common practice for the Russian Comintern delegation to seek and get Comintern endorsement of all CPSU resolutions that in any way related to Comintern activities. 8. Concerning this development, Hsiao Tso-liang has this to say: "Interviewed in Hong Kong in late October, 1959, Chang Kuo-t'ao disclosed the background of this factional struggle like this: Ch'u Ch'iu-pai and Chang Kuo-t'ao, as noted previously, objected to the educational policy of Pavel Mif as president of Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow. Consequently, there was no love lost between them and the Russian. The party unit in the university was then under Pavel Mif's control. Li Chien-ju and Yu Tu-san were both workers from Shanghai and were mere tools in the power struggle. It had turned out that Mif was victorious in the tussle. Accordingly, the Comintern passed a resolution in condemnation of the Chinese delegation. Chou En-lai was called to Moscow to take over the duties of a liaison officer between the Kremlin and the Chinese party. Both Ch'u Ch'iu-pai and Chang Kuo-t'ao fell into disgrace" (Power Relations within the Chinese Communist Movement, 1930-1934: A Study of Documents [Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1961], pp. 144-145). 227
Chapter XVI The 28 Bolsheviks and Their Struggle Against the Li Li-san Line During the one and one-half years from the Sixth National Party Congress in 1928 to January, 1930, the CCP, in accordance with the resolutions passed at the congress and with instructions from the Comintern, reasserted itself. It not only patched up the wounds that the Party suffered as a result of the failure of the revolution in the period 1925 to 1927, but also made real progress toward Party consolidation. For instance, its membership rose probably to at least 65,528 in January, 1930/ possibly to 120,000. 2 Compared with the total membership of some 57,900 at the Fifth National Party Congress in April, 1927, the increase in membership was impressive and important. It is to be noted that before the Fifth National Party Congress—from 1924 to April, 1927, when Chiang Kai-shek initiated his anti-Communist purge, or coup, in Shanghai—the Communists had enjoyed freedom of political activities in KMT-controlled areas. Even after Chiang Kai-shek's anti-Communist coup d'etat in Shanghai, the Communist Party still had some freedom in the areas under the control of the Wuhan government. But as soon as the leftists of the KMT in the Wuhan cities rose against the Communists in June and July, 1927, the Chinese Communists were forced to carry on their activities underground throughout the country. Under the "White terror," many Communists were brutally slaughtered. Many members withdrew from the Party in view of the danger that threatened them. Moreover, after the August 7 Conference in 1927, Ch'u Ch'iu-pai's putschism made matters worse and martyred many Party members. The organization of the Communist Party and its membership thus suffered many severe blows in succession. Probably at the time of the Sixth National Party Congress its membership was less than half the 57,900 at the time of the Fifth Congress. Thus a great majority of the 65,528 Party members in early 1930 were newly recruited. Under the conditions of "White terror" and "underground activities," it was no easy matter for the Party's organizational structure merely to survive. It is therefore 228
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Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow an
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Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow an
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COPYRIGHT © 1971 CENTER FOR EAST A
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University in Moscow and of the 28
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of whom I was one. My memory, as is
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Contents Foreword v Preface vii Abb
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Introduction Dr. Sun Yat-sen was bo
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enough names to indicate that these
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Yat-sen University enrolled non-Com
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To Lenin, Dr. Sun Yat-sen represent
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momentum. This influence reached it
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gone to Russia to study at KUTV, in
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is approaching when the Soviet Unio
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University in Moscow in the same ye
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egistering for the examinations. Th
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Chapter II The Pilgrimage to Red Me
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Russian for about four or five mont
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Province. But I shall suppress my i
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While the Soviet Union was generall
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the stowage area because the very f
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nights on the train. We finally arr
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the Trade Union Building in Novembe
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large number of Trotskyite professo
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utterfly. At times he hung his head
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ector was filled by a very handsome
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of the university in the summer of
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Chapter IV The Internal Organizatio
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Rector Radek of Sun Yat-sen Univers
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world our denouncement of the consp
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arranged the secret nighttime arres
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planning even more and forced an ex
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foreign currency. Therefore, the Ru
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Sinologists. Another famed Russian
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addition to employing most of the y
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theoretical thinking of the members
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14. I have had an opportunity to ex
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tionary Movements. The reason for t
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nevertheless cannot deny that "Geog
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of a Russian-language work entitled
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up to the seventh class, which also
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instructor in the Soviet Party Scho
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With this special attention these "
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I was honored to teach the politica
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In all, there were four professors
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However, we might as well have been
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usually ran around two hours, and t
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dragged on and on, and finally the
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From the above, one can see that th
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Chapter VI Room, Board, and Recreat
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Let us now turn to housing at Sun Y
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When famous operas were staged in M
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staying temporarily in Russia we di
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excellent meals, I knew that our pr
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passed a resolution to cooperate wi
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The actual theoretical struggle bet
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time, he had to be careful not to a
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pai, who had attended the Congress
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ticular. At this crucial juncture i
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Chapter VIII Rule of the Moscow Bra
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5. Destroy unity based on sentiment
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students and the entire petty bourg
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were, after all, human beings and n
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she said, should be based on trust
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eturn to China. In addition, they w
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Kai-shek, and the other to the work
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for example, Stalin had insisted th
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us the new title, "Chiang Kai-shek,
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committee simply had not expected t
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throw his lot in with the Communist
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Surely it was on this point that th
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ers whose sympathies lay with Trots
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Chapter X Feng Yu-hsiang—Honorary
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of thirty people, which included Yu
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Province, as did Feng. It seems app
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in the province, Chinese Communists
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to help him fight the Wuhan governm
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However, their plans were destined
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Hu Han-min was an especially import
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Russian scholars. He also received
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discussions was the relationship be
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youngsters who had stood for hours
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Russia as well as among us students
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tionary movement developed rapidly.
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to make it known that they were see
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ecause of a desire to chat with his
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students to edit and translate it i
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many people at Sun Yat-sen Universi
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intern's China policy. In September
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occasionally turned up with deep sc
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5. To demand that the CPSU reorgani
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K'uan, Cheng Ch'ao-lin, Kao Yu-han,
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Trotskyites who had not been arrest
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of inquiry. In the heavy crossfire
Page 188 and 189: eighty to ninety Trotskyite student
Page 190 and 191: and alert. The prisoner, still brac
Page 192 and 193: There was also, of course, a good d
Page 194 and 195: The sages and idiots, after a thous
Page 196 and 197: 1927, the Autumn Harvest Uprisings
Page 198 and 199: delegates to the Fifth Congress of
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Page 202 and 203: uilding. Upon our arrival there, we
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Page 208 and 209: NIKOLAI BUKHARIN AND OTHER RUSSIANS
Page 210 and 211: can be converted into paddy fields,
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Page 214 and 215: away, and we relaxed, feeling exhau
Page 216 and 217: Chapter XV The Struggle Against the
Page 218 and 219: elaborate celebration than ever bef
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Page 222 and 223: ever, was short-lived. The Second L
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Page 230 and 231: was located, one of twenty-six admi
Page 232 and 233: and then asked me to interpret what
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Page 236 and 237: worried the 28 Bolsheviks. For she
Page 240 and 241: truly remarkable that the Chinese C
Page 242 and 243: liminary Successes in One or More P
Page 244 and 245: line, so at the session and for a t
Page 246 and 247: I remained in Moscow. I was assigne
Page 248 and 249: special personnel arrangements that
Page 250 and 251: Chapter XVII The 28 Bolsheviks and
Page 252 and 253: Provincial Committee, was short-liv
Page 254 and 255: ack in Hong Kong, the British immed
Page 256 and 257: capitulated to the KMT authorities,
Page 258 and 259: next time, Li Chin-yung, who was di
Page 260 and 261: Kiangsi Province and at Mao Tse-tun
Page 262 and 263: in early 1933, Ch'in Pang-hsien and
Page 264 and 265: eceived from Jui-chin. 14 Upon rece
Page 266 and 267: as follows: (1) The Central Soviet
Page 268 and 269: Chang Wen-t'ien, a man of literary
Page 270 and 271: trends in the united front and expo
Page 272 and 273: sought to destroy in the 1960s, but
Page 274 and 275: Index In addition to abbreviations
Page 276 and 277: discrimination, racial, 32-33 "Do y
Page 278 and 279: for leadership of CCP, 237-261; sei
Page 280 and 281: at, 90-95; Student Commune, 92; "co
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