COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, <strong>67</strong>(1), JANUARY <strong>2000</strong> (Leon-Regagnon et al., 1999). Species of Haematoloechus apparently have experienced a diversification in frogs and salamanders in central Mexico, representing the group with the highest species richness (6) in our samples. Glypthelmins, parasitic mainly in frogs of the new world, also shows high species richness. However, the presence at least of 4 species is mainly the result of independent host capture events, either from the neotropical or nearctic zones. The distribution of the nonendemic frogs from the lowlands ranges from Ecuador and Colombia to Veracruz, Mexico (R. vaillanti), to Sonora, northwestern Mexico (L. melanonotus), and Texas (S. baudinii). Their digenean fauna in Veracruz is composed of a combination of neotropical and nearctic species. Only 2 digenean species, Glypthelmins sp. and M. monas, were recovered from L. melanonotus and S. baudinii, respectively. The former probably represents an undescribed species, and M. monas has been reported in numerous host genera in South America and Africa (Prudhoe and Bray, 1982). Seven digenean species were collected from R. vaillanti, and 3 of them show a neotropical distribution: C. rodriguezi in Panama (Caballero, 1955) and G. parva in Brazil (Prudhoe and Bray, 1982), both described from Leptodactylus ocellatus, and G. facioi in Costa Rica (Brenes et al., 1959) and Veracruz, Mexico (Razo-Mendivil et al., 1999), from Rana palmipes Spix, 1824, and R. vaillanti, respectively. The presence of these neotropical digeneans in Los Tuxtlas reflects the geographic distribution of the host genus Leptodactylus and the "Rana palmipes complex" (Frost, 1985; Hillis and De Sa, 1988). One species is endemic, L. (L.) macrocirra, and the 3 remaining species parasitizing R. vaillanti have a nearctic distribution; 2 of these species (G. attenuata and C. americanus) are also present in the endemic frogs of the Transverse Volcanic Axis, and the third species (H. medioplexus) has been recorded in several species of frogs from the United <strong>State</strong>s and Canada, most commonly in members of the "Rana pipiens complex." The 3 species have a low host specificity and have been able to colonize several host groups, thus expanding their distribution range. Apparently, a mixture of neotropical and nearctic species of parasites is taking effect in the lowlands of the Gulf of Mexico, with a series of very interesting phenomena of colonization of new hosts and habitats. Little is known about the amphibian parasite fauna of the tropical lowlands of the Pacific slope of Mexico or the southeastern part of the country. Those areas will undoubtedly be a source of extensive phylogenetic and biogeographic information on parasites and hosts in the future. Contemporary ecological conditions are also important determinants of the parasitic fauna of a host species. Several authors have demonstrated a marked correlation between the relative amount of time spent in association with aquatic habitats and the number of species of platyhelminths hosted by frogs (Brandt, 1936; Prokopic and Krivanec, 1975; Brooks, 1976, 1984; Guillen, 1992). Our data clearly demonstrate that frogs and salamanders harbor the richer digenean fauna compared with the less water-dependent hylids or toads, where digeneans were almost or absolutely absent (the small sample size in leptodactylids precludes any discussion about their helminth fauna). Within frogs and salamanders, diet is the factor that most determines the richness of the digenean communities. Frogs become infected when they prey upon insects or copepods (which is the case in species of Haematoloechus and Halipegus, respectively), when they swallow their own skin bearing encysted metacercariae during ecdysis, or when they feed upon infected tadpoles (species of Catadiscus, Cephalogonimus, Glypthelmins, Gorgoderina, and Megalodiscus) (Yamaguti, 1975; Prudhoe and Bray, 1982). Salamanders of the genus Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838, hosted fewer digenean species than frogs. Garcia-Altamirano et al. (1993) reported that A. dumerilii in Lake Patzcuaro feeds mainly on crayfish and fish. As evidenced by the presence of C. americanus, G. attenuata, and Haematoloechus spp. in salamanders of our samples, it is possible that they oc- Figures 16-20. Ventral views. 16. Loxogenes (I^angeronia) macrocirra (Caballero y Bravo, 1949) Yamaguti, 1971. 17. Mesocoelium monas (Rudolphi, 1819) Teixeira de Freitas, 1958. 18. Halipegus occidualis Stafford, 1905. 19. Fibricola sp. (inetacercaria). 20. Ochetosoma sp. (metacercaria). Scales in millimeters. Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
PEREZ-PONCE DE LEON ET AL.—DIGENEANS OF MEXICAN AMPHIBIANS 99 Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington 20
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children. This means, to most of th
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liese, 1995; Marcogliese and Cone,
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ural and human alterations of ecosy
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ternationally and locally; (2) be i
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justify the inclusion of parasites
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phy to understand faunal structure
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Eucestoda) coincided with the diver
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(Hoberg et al., 2000). These studie
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serve biodiversity effectively if e
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Clayton, D. H., and B. A. Walther.
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ham. 1996. Combining data in phylog
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schistosomes. Journal of Parasitolo
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MARCOGLIESE ET AL.—DIPLOSTOMUM SP
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MARCOGLIESE HT f^L.—DIPLOSTOMUM S
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MARCOGLIESE ET AL.—DIPLOSTOMUM SP
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(Latreille, 1804) Brandt and Ratzeb
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COADY AND N]CKOL—PLAGIORHYNCHUS C
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COADY AND NICKOL—PLAGIORHYNCHUS C
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Threlfall, W. 1965. Helminth parasi
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strictive traits that were basicall
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Cement gland usually small with few
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AMIN ET AL.—REVISION OF THE GENUS
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