Comparative Parasitology 67(1) 2000 - Peru State College

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126 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, 67(1), JANUARY 2000 Table 1. Parasites from 12 eastern indigo snakes collected in Florida, U.S.A. Species of parasite Location in host* Trematoda Ochetosoma kansense± (Crow, 1913) Ochetosoma elongation^ (Pratt, 1903) Cestoda Proteocephalus sp.t Larval cestode (tetrathyridium):]: Larval cestode (sparganum):t Nematoda Kalicephalus inennis coronellae Ortlepp, 1923 Kalicephalus appendiculatus Molin, 1861 Kalicephalus rectiphilus Harwood, 1932 Physaloptera obtussima^- Molin, 1860 Terranova caballerotf. Barus and Coy Otero, 1966 Strongyloides sp. Eustrongylides larvae:]: Gnathostoma larvaet Physaloptera larvae^: Larval nematodes Acanthocephalan (cystacanths) Centrorhynchus spinosusi (Kaiser, 1893) Macracanthorhynchus ingens% (Listow, 1879) Pentastoma Kiricephalus coarctatus (Diesing, 1850) Acari Amblyomma dissimile Koch, 1844 ES, OC, ST BC, ES, SI, LI, LN SI ME ME ES, ST ST, SI SI, LI ES ST SI, LI ST ME ST SI ME ME BC, LN SK Number of snakes infected 7 3 1 2 2 10 10 9 1 1 3 1 1 6 5 3 12 Intensity Mean Range Counties! 15 337 2 7 3 37 27 17 1 1 3 2 2 16 5 18 151 3-34 B, C, I, L, O 35-541 B 3-10 2-3 2-128 5-50 1-77 1-5 1-80 1-9 3-30 1-515 1-7 2-10 B O I, K A, B, C, K, L, M, O B, C, I, L, M, O, A, B, C, K, L, M, O K K B, C, I B M A, B, I, M, O B, I, O B, K A, B, C, I, K, L, M, O B, C, I, K, L, M, O * BC = body cavity; ES = esophagus; LI = large intestine; LN = lungs; ME = mesenteries; OC = oral cavity; SI = small intestine; SK = skin; ST = stomach. t County where parasite was found: A = Alachua; B = Brevard; C = Charlotte; I = Indian River; K = Okaloosa; L = Levy; M = Monroe; O = Osceola. £ New host records. ties, birds, and small mammals (Moler, 1992)., which may also be paratenic hosts for M. ingens. Larval stages have been identified from Florida mice (Podomys floridanus (Chapman, 1889)) and cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus (Le Conte, 1853)) in Florida (Forrester, 1992). In Florida, adults of M. ingens have been reported mainly from raccoons (Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758)) (Forrester, 1992) and black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus (Merriam, 1896)) (Conti et al., 1983). Cystacanths of Centrorhynchus spinosus also were encysted in the mesenteries. Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington They encysted mainly on the serosal surface of the small intestine, intermixed with the cystacanths of M. ingens, but in much lower intensities (Table 1). The definitive hosts for C. spinosus are several species of birds, primarily owls (Nickol, 1983). In Florida we have unpublished records of them in barred owls, Strix varia Barton, 1799, eastern screech-owls, Otus asio Linnaeus, 1758, and great horned owls, Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788). Raccoons and raptors in Florida could acquire these acanthocephalan infections from indigo snakes if these
snakes are part of their diet. The indigo snake has not been reported as a food item of black bears in Florida (Maehr and DeFazio, 1985). The encysted cystacanths did not seem to have any obvious detrimental effect on any of the indigo snakes necropsied. One road-killed female indigo snake with 515 M. ingens encysted in mesenteries around the small intestines had a large amount of visceral fat present and 11 eggs in utero. Only 1 indigo snake (Okaloosa County) was infected with a single Terranova caballeroi. This ascarid is a common parasite of water snakes (Nerodia spp.) and cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus Lacepede, 1789) in the southeastern United States (Fontenot and Font, 1996). Fourth-stage larvae of a species of Eustrongylides were found in the stomach wall of 1 snake from Brevard County. These were most likely the larvae of Eustrongylides ignotus, adults of which are parasitic in birds, most commonly Ciconiiformes (Spalding et al., 1993). The most important intermediate host for E. ignotis in Florida is the small mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859), with some amphibians and reptiles serving as paratenic hosts (Coyner, 1998). This would be considered an accidental infection of a snake with a bird parasite. In this study, Amblyomma dissimile infested indigo snakes only from Merritt Island in Brevard County. The ticks seemed to aggregate to a small localized area of about 5 cm in diameter. The skin in the areas of tick attachment was swollen, with some of the scales malformed. Histologically, the areas of tick attachment were marked by a pustular dermatitis that was acute, multifocal, and severe, with intralesional bacterial and fungal colonization. At the junctions between numerous scales were multifocal, locally extensive subcorneal pustules that contained degenerate heterophils intermixed with numerous gram-positive bacterial cocci. At several of the scale junctions the subcorneal aggregate of degenerate heterophils extended through the epidermis into the dermis. Durden et al. (1993) reported A. dissimile from an eastern indigo snake and a cotton mouse (P. gossypinus) from Merritt Island in 1990. Most indigo snakes seen on Merritt Island by one of us (P.E.M.) have been infested with A. dissimile, and Durden et al. (1993) suggested that a viable population of this tick species occurs there. Amblyomma dissimile has been reported infesting these additional hosts in FOSTER ET AL.—RESEARCH NOTES 127 Florida: pygmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus miliarius Linnaeus, 1766), yellow rat snake (E lap he obsoleta quadrivittata Holbrook, 1836), Florida kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula floridana Blanchard, 1919), common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula Linnaeus, 1766), eastern diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus Palisot de Beauvois, 1799), pine snake (Pituophis melanoleucus Daudin, 1803), cottonmouth (A. piscivorus), gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus Daudin, 1802), and giant toad (Bufo marinus Linnaeus, 1855), and reported in the following counties: Broward, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Palm Beach, and St. Lucie (Bequaert, 1932; Bequaert, 1945; Wilson and Kale, 1972; unpublished computer and manual searches of the data records of the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A., and the National Tick Collection, Statesboro, Georgia, U.S.A., 1999). From these records A. dissimile seems to be well established in southern peninsular Florida. Because most of the indigo snakes we examined were in good flesh and had deposits of visceral fat and several of the females had a normal number of eggs in utero, it is our assessment that the general health of the snakes, did not seem to be compromised by the parasite intensities we report here. The attachment sites of A. dissimile may allow a pathway for secondary bacterial infections to infiltrate to deeper tissues. However, in the indigo snakes we examined, the bacterial infections were very localized. We thank Stephen S. Curran and Robin M. Overstreet for their help with identifying the pentastomids. We also thank Omar M. Amin for his opinion on the acanthocephalan identifications, and Sandra A. Allan for our tick identifications. Ellis C. Greiner and Donald F. Coyner reviewed an early draft of the manuscript and gave helpful suggestions for improvement. Marie-Joelle Thatcher was kind enough to translate the French literature. Rebecca Smith helped in procuring road-killed specimens from the Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, and the following people also collected specimens for us: K. Dryden, J. Duquesnal, M. Folk, B. Hagedorn, S. Klett, M. Legare, R. Lowes, T. Miller, C. Petrick, and S. Quintana. James N. Layne of the Archbold Biological Station provided us with samples from his parasite collection. We also appreciated the comments of the 2 anonymous reviewers. This research was supported in part by Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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January 2000 Number 1 Comparative P
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1). 2000 pp. 1-
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children. This means, to most of th
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liese, 1995; Marcogliese and Cone,
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ural and human alterations of ecosy
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ternationally and locally; (2) be i
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justify the inclusion of parasites
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phy to understand faunal structure
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Eucestoda) coincided with the diver
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(Hoberg et al., 2000). These studie
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serve biodiversity effectively if e
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Clayton, D. H., and B. A. Walther.
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ham. 1996. Combining data in phylog
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schistosomes. Journal of Parasitolo
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MARCOGLIESE ET AL.—DIPLOSTOMUM SP
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MARCOGLIESE HT f^L.—DIPLOSTOMUM S
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MARCOGLIESE ET AL.—DIPLOSTOMUM SP
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(Latreille, 1804) Brandt and Ratzeb
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COADY AND N]CKOL—PLAGIORHYNCHUS C
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COADY AND NICKOL—PLAGIORHYNCHUS C
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Threlfall, W. 1965. Helminth parasi
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strictive traits that were basicall
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Cement gland usually small with few
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AMIN ET AL.—REVISION OF THE GENUS
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AMIN ET AL.—REVISION OF THE GENUS
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17. Trunk spines appearing continuo
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1), 2000 pp. 51
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SMALES—POPOVASTRONGYLUS FROM MARS
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tion in a circular buccal capsule.
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strongylus pluteus differs from P.
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garoo from Kangaroo Island (Smales
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BURSEY AND GOLDBERG~-/l/VG7aSTOAM O
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Table 2. Parasite list for Onychoda
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phibian helminths in Japan. VI. Pse
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quadrant and 70° in male, 75° in
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increase in the number of cuticular
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1), 2000 pp. 71
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Figures 1-3. Pseudoterranova decipi
Page 77 and 78: AMIN ET M^.—PSEUDOTERRANOVA IN MA
Page 79 and 80: the gill baskets of some hosts were
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Page 89 and 90: MENDOZA-FRANCO ET SCIADICLEITHRUM F
Page 91 and 92: MENDOZA-FRANCO ET AL.—SCIADICLEIT
Page 93 and 94: MENDOZA-FRANCO ET M^.—SCIADICLEIT
Page 95 and 96: PEREZ-PONCE DE LEON ET AL.—DIGENE
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Continued. Locality* (CNHE
Page 105 and 106: Table 2. Continued. Locality (CNHE
Page 107 and 108: casionally prey on tadpoles and ins
Page 113 and 114: Table 1. Extended. Ctenophorus reti
Page 115 and 116: Table 2. Extended. 3 '£ Oswaldofil
Page 117 and 118: Mediorhynchus orientalis Belopol'sk
Page 119 and 120: 4-5 spines each: 25.0-35.0 (31.4).
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Previous helminth records
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Page 125 and 126: WEST ET AL.—RESEARCH NOTES 123 Ta
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Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Published records of helmi
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Page 137 and 138: were larvae. Still, we have conclud
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Page 143 and 144: New business. Presentation of notes
Page 145 and 146: Name: MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION 143 AP
Page 147 and 148: *Edna M. Buhrer *Mildred A. Doss *A
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