Comparative Parasitology 67(1) 2000 - Peru State College

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18 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, 67(1), JANUARY 2000 ally be linked back to a specimen-based reference system or biological collection. GTI AND COLLECTIONS AS FUNDAMENTAL FOUNDATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY: Biological collections are essential elements in the development of biodiversity information (Davis, 1996; GTI, 1999). Collections developed from inventory activities represent "a permanent, documentable record of specimen-based information" (GTI, 1999) that provides historical, contemporary, and predictive baselines for understanding the patterns and distribution of organisms in the biosphere. Collections are vital in defining the continuity of ecosystem or community structure and integrity. Collections allow detailed examination of spatial and temporal variation from local to global scales, directly linked to specimens and data for populations and species, and such biologically significant parameters as reproductive phenology, ecology, behavior, biogeography, and host associations. Biological collections are the context for developing and applying biodiversity information efficiently and effectively. Thus, the infrastructure for collections must be regarded as an integral facet of any developing programs for survey, inventory, and documentation of global biodiversity resources (GTI, 1999). Conclusions Both the taxasphere and the biosphere may be facing imminent extinction. We have insufficient taxonomic expertise across all components of diversity to address global needs for survey and inventory in a timely manner. Survival of the taxasphere depends in large part on making the cultural change from seeing ourselves in the traditional mode of collectors of things to being managers of information. It is no longer important, or even relevant, to have more specimens of a particular species in a collection than are found in any other collection; rather, it is important to know how much information is available about each species. Just as society is no longer willing to invest huge sums of money in classic set-aside conservation projects, neither is it willing to invest in ever-expanding museum collections that serve only as repositories of material accessible to an ever-decreasing number of specialists (Davis, 1996). Neither is society willing to invest enormous amounts of money in a taxasphere whose only concern is esoteric research. The ongoing internal conflict among sys- Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington tematic biologists about whether we should be seen as a service discipline or as an independent research discipline threatens to weaken the taxasphere in its efforts to make a significant contribution to society and thereby ensure its own survival. Already too many ecologists and biodiversity managers believe that systematists are good only for providing names; at the same time, too many systematists believe that their only function should be generating phylogenies and cuttingedge comparative evolutionary studies. We must fully internalize the belief that the fundamental importance of systematic biology stems from its being both an essential service profession and an essential element of evolutionary biology. Ecologists have successfully grappled with similar issues (Lubchenco et al., 1991) The call for more inventory work in biodiversity thus represents a tremendous opportunity and challenge for the taxasphere. Members of the taxasphere must understand that biodiversity preservation is based on such issues as economic development, conservation, solving major environmental challenges, and limiting the impacts of emerging pathogens and parasites. Inventories that seek to identity the critical components of biodiversity are necessary to achieve these goals, which are mutually beneficial and can be synergistic for the scientific community and the general population. They are an essential part of helping to save the biosphere by helping improve the socioeconomic status of as many people as possible. The taxasphere has long assumed the responsibility of naming and classifying the species on this planet, and modern phylogenetic methods have produced maximally efficient modes of storing and transmitting information through classifications. The Internet gives us a powerful mechanism for disseminating enormous amounts of information quickly and widely. All those interested in preserving, managing, and sustainably using biodiversity should have a vested interest in supporting a strong taxasphere. Within the scientific community, however, taxonomists do not have a history of close and cordial interactions with other specialists. There are many reasons for this, some of which have been discussed (Brooks and McLennan, 1991), but we must overcome the historical constraints of sectarian competition for academic positions and prestige. The scientific community can help pre-
serve biodiversity effectively if each participant can give up something of his or her own immediate personal agenda to help achieve a greater good. We return to the analogy of the taxasphere as a triage team, the biosphere as a "battlefield," and the "war" as human activities that degrade global biotic resources. The triage teams survey parts of the battlefield as completely as possible looking for "wounded" participants. All possible participants and the degree to which each has been affected must be recognized, and the taxasphere has the role of passing that information on to the decision makers who are responsible for the optimal deployment of resources. Names and critical life history and ecological information provided by taxonomists constitute the foundation for bringing a broad array of stakeholders in the national and international arena to understand the value of biodiversity. DIVERSITAS has designated 2001 as the International Biodiversity Observation Year, which will, among other things, focus attention on the value of the taxasphere and promote a successful launch of the GTI. With an emphasis on involving local people in a variety of initiatives associated with this observation, the International Biodiversity Observation Year is an excellent opportunity for coalitions of international, national, and local political, social development, and environmental agencies to join together to provide a fuller inventory of the species on this planet. One should never change a winning game and always change a losing game. So far we have been playing a losing game. On a global basis, people's lives are not improving, and we continue to lose large parts of the planet's biota. The 3-pronged action plan of the GTI represents a bold and assertive effort to change a losing game into a winning one. The comparative parasitelogical perspective using historical, ecological, and biogeographic information offers the potential for contributions toward recognizing, defining, and solving challenges to global biodiversity. Acknowledgments We would like to express our deepest thanks to all those who participated in planning efforts for the ATBI in the ACG, in particular, ACG administrative and scientific personnel: Sigifrcdo Marin, Roger Blanco, Alejandro Masis, Guil- BROOKS AND HOBERG—PARASITE BIODIVERSITY 19 lermo Jimenez, Maria Marta Chavarria, and Felipe Chavarria; parataxonomists: Calixto Moraga, Carolina Cano, Elda Araya, Fredy Quesada, Dunia Garcia, Roberto Espinoza, Elba Lopez, and Petrona Rios; scientific advisers: Dan Janzen and Winnie Hallwachs; and international collaborators: Sherwin Desser, Anindo Choudhury, Derek Zelmer, Odd Sandlund, Rita Hartvigsen-Daverdin, Tom Platt, Greg Klassen, Ramon Carreno, Fernando Marques, Scott Monks, and Gerardo Perez-Ponce de Leon. We also thank members of the developing consortium for research on Arctic parasites: Susan Kutz and Lydden Polley of the University of Saskatchewan; Anne Gunn, Alasdair Veitch, and Brett Elkin of the Department of Wildlife, Resources and Economic Development, Government of the Northwest Territories. Daniel R. Brooks has been supported in these efforts by operating grant A7696 from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Literature Cited Aho, J. M., and A. O. Bush. 1993. Community richness in parasites of some freshwater fishes from North America. Pages 185-193 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, eds. Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Anderson, T. J. C., M. S. Blouin, and R. N. Beech. 1998. Population biology of parasitic nematodes: applications of genetic markers. Advances in Parasitology 41:219-283. Balbuena, J. A., and J. A. Raga. 1994. Intestinal helminths as indicators of segregation and social structure of pods of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) off the Faeroe Islands. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:443-448. , F. J. Aznar, M. Fernandez, and J. A. Raga. 1995. Parasites as indicators of social structure and stock identity of marine mammals. Pages 133-139 in A. S. Blix, L. Walloe, and O. Ultang, eds. Developments in Marine Biology, Vol. 4., Whales, Seals, Fish and Man. Elsevier, New York. Barrowclough, G. F. 1992. Systematics, biodiversity and conservation biology. Pages 121-143 in N. Eldredge, ed. Systematics, Ecology and the Biodiversity Crisis. Columbia University Press, New York. Barse, A. M., and D. H. Secor. 1999. An exotic nematode parasite of the American eel. Fisheries 24: 6-10. Bartoli, P. 1989. Digenetic trematodes as bio-indicators for yellow-legged gulls in Corsica (western Mediterranean). Pages 251-259 in J. S. Aguilar, X. Monbailliu, and A. M. Paterson, eds. Status and Conservation of Seabird Ecogeography and Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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Page 5 and 6: children. This means, to most of th
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increase in the number of cuticular
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1), 2000 pp. 71
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Figures 1-3. Pseudoterranova decipi
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AMIN ET M^.—PSEUDOTERRANOVA IN MA
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the gill baskets of some hosts were
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KRITSKY ET AL.—DACTYLOGYRIDS FROM
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er, and Boeger, 1986, and Amphoclei
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1974); P. laticeps Eigenmann, Lagun
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MENDOZA-FRANCO ET SCIADICLEITHRUM F
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MENDOZA-FRANCO ET AL.—SCIADICLEIT
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MENDOZA-FRANCO ET M^.—SCIADICLEIT
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PEREZ-PONCE DE LEON ET AL.—DIGENE
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Table 2. Continued. Locality* (CNHE
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Table 2. Continued. Locality (CNHE
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casionally prey on tadpoles and ins
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Table 1. Extended. Ctenophorus reti
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Table 2. Extended. 3 '£ Oswaldofil
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Mediorhynchus orientalis Belopol'sk
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4-5 spines each: 25.0-35.0 (31.4).
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Table 1. Previous helminth records
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hyrae from a collection of lizards.
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WEST ET AL.—RESEARCH NOTES 123 Ta
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1987, and from these only a sample
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snakes are part of their diet. The
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Table 2. Published records of helmi
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, , B. K. Sullivan, and Q. A. Truon
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were larvae. Still, we have conclud
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and their habitats. These low paras
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e eligible for election to office.
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New business. Presentation of notes
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Name: MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION 143 AP
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*Edna M. Buhrer *Mildred A. Doss *A
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