Comparative Parasitology 67(1) 2000 - Peru State College

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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1), 2000 pp. 92-106 Digenean Fauna of Amphibians from Central Mexico: Nearctic and Neotropical Influences G. PEREZ-PONCE DE LEON,' V. LEON-REGAGNON, L. GARCIA-PRIETO, U. RAZO-MENDIVIL, AND A. SANCHEZ-ALVAREZ Laboratorio de Helmintologia, Institute de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, A.P. 70-153, C.P. 04510, Mexico D.F., Mexico (e-mail: ppdleon@servidor.unam.mx: vleon@mail.ibiologia.unam.mx) ABSTRACT: Specimens from 20 amphibian species from central Mexico were examined for helminths. We found 21 digenean species; 4 of them are recorded for the first time in Mexico. Twenty-two new host and 21 new locality reports are added. Previous reports of these helminth species are summarized, and biogeographical aspects of hosts and parasites are discussed. KEY WORDS: Digenea, taxonomy, amphibians, Mexico, biogeography. Mexico possesses one of the highest amphibian species richnesses in the world, with 285 species recorded so far, and an unusual level of endemism (60.7%) (Flores-Villela, 1993, 1998). In spite of this richness and the importance of this group of vertebrates in ecosystems, only 10% of the species in Mexico have been studied for helminth parasites. We recently conducted a study of helminth parasites of amphibians in selected aquatic ecosystems in Mexico. We surveyed helminths of frogs, toads, and salamanders from several lakes of the Mexican plateau (Mesa Central), a tropical rain forest (Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz State), and a tropical dry deciduous and semideciduous forest (Chamela, Jalisco State). In this paper, we present a list of the digenetic trematodes of 20 species of amphibians that we analyzed during the last 3 yr. We also provide information about previous records of each helminth species in Mexico and discuss biogeographical aspects of parasites and hosts. Materials and Methods Between July 1996 and May 1998, we examined 647 specimens of amphibians belonging to 20 species and 8 genera (Table 1). We sampled in 12 localities: 8 from the Mesa Central, 1 from the Pacific coast, and 3 from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico (Map 1). However, digeneans were found only in frogs and salamanders of the following localities: Cienaga de Lerma, Estado de Mexico (19°17'N, 99°30'W); Lago de Chapala, Jalisco (20°17'N, 103°11'W); Lago de Cuitzeo, Michoacan (19°53'N, 100°50'W); Lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacan (19°30'N, 101°36'W); Lago de Zacapu, Michoacan (19°49'N, 101°47'W); Manantiales de Cointzio, Michoacan (19°35'N, 101°14'W); Los Tuxtlas, Corresponding author. Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington 92 Veracruz (Laguna El Zacatal, Laguna Escondida, and Los Tuxtlas Field Station; 20°37'N, 98°12'W); Estero Chamela, Jalisco (19°30'N, 105°6'W). Hosts were collected by hand or with seine nets and were kept alive before parasitological analysis, which was carried out within 24 hr after capture. Hosts were killed with an overdose of anesthetic (sodium pentobarbitol) and examined by standard procedures. Digeneans were relaxed with hot tap water, fixed in Bouin's fluid for 8 hr under coverglass pressure, and then placed in vials containing 70% alcohol; later, they were stained with Mayer's paracarmin, Delafield's hematoxylin, or Gomori's trichrome and mounted in permanent slides with Canada balsam. Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube. Voucher specimens of collected worms were deposited at the Coleccion Nacional de Helmintos (CNHE), Biology Institute, Mexico City. Hosts were fixed following standard procedures (Simmons, 1985) and deposited at the Coleccion Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles (CNAR), Biology Institute, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), and in the Coleccion Herpetologica del Museo de Zoologfa (Faculty of Sciences, UNAM). Results We identified 21 digenean species (Figs. 1- 20) of 11 genera and 10 families collected in 10 of the 20 species of frogs and salamanders analyzed (Table 2). Four of these represent new records in Mexico, Catadiscus rodriguezi, Glypthelmins parva, Glypthelmins sp., and Fibricola sp. metacercariae. We also add 22 new host records and 21 new locality records. The frog Rana brownorurn, the salamanders Ambystoma dumerilii, Ambystoma mexicanum, and Ambystoma tigrinum, the toads Bufo marinus and Bufo valliceps, the hylids Hyla arenicolor, Hyla exirnia, and Pachymedusa dachnicolor, and the leptodactylid Eleutherodactylus rhodopis were free from digenean infections.
PEREZ-PONCE DE LEON ET AL.—DIGENEANS OF MEXICAN AMPHIBIANS 93 Table 1. Hosts, localities, and numbers of hosts examined in Mexico. Anura Bufo marinux Linnaeus, 1758 Host Locality Bufo valliceps Weigmann. 1833 Eleutherodactylus rhodopis Cope, 1867 Hyla arcnicolor Cope, 1886 Hyla cximia Baird, 1854 Leptodactylus melanonotus Hallowell, 1861 Pachymedusa dachnicolor Cope, 1864 Rana brownorum Sanders, 1973 Rana dunni Zweifel, 1957 Rana forreri Boulenger, 1883 Rana megapoda Taylor, 1942 Rana montezumae Baird, 1854 Rana neovolcanica Hillis and Frost, 1985 Rana vaillanti Brocchi. 1877 Smilisca buudinii Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 Urodela Ainb\stoma andersoni Krehs and Brandon, 1984 Ambystoma dutnerilii Duges, 1870 Anibvxtoma lermaensis (adults) Taylor, 1940 Ambystoma lermaensis (larvae) Ambystoma mexicanum Shaw, 1789 Ambvstoina tigrinum Green, 1825 Discussion Three clearly distinguishable groups are in this list, not considering Fibricola sp. and Haematoloechus sp. (Map 1). The first group is composed of species with nearctic distribution, such as Cephalogonimus americanus, Glypthelmins californiensis, Glypthelmins quieta, Gorgoderina attenuata, Megalodiscus americanus, Halipegus occidualis, Haematoloechus complexus, Haematoloechits coloradensis, Haematoloechus longiplexus, and Haematoloechus medioplexus, which have been previously recorded in Mexico and other parts of North America (see Brooks [1984] and references therein). The second group of species, including C. rodriguezi, Glypthelmins facioi, G. parva, Loxogenes (Langeronia) macrocirra, and Mesocoelium monas, has been recorded in South and Central America (Prudhoe and Bray, 1982). Finally, the third group is composed of endemic species: Haematoloechus illimis, Haematoloechus pulcher, and Glypthelmins sp. Presa Miguel de la Madrid, Tuxtepec, Oaxaca Chamela, Jalisco Laguna Escondida, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz Laguna El Zacatal, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz Manantiales de Cointzio, Michoacan Manantiales de Cointzio, Michoacan Laguna Escondida, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz Chamela, Jalisco Laguna El Zacatal, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz Lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacan Lago de Zacapu, Michoacan Estero Chamela, Chamela, Jalisco Manantiales de Cointzio, Michoacan Lago de Chapala, Jalisco Cienaga de Lcrma, Estado de Mexico Lago de Cuitzeo, Michoacan Manantiales de Cointzio, Michoacan Laguna Escondida, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz Laguna Escondida, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz Lago de Zacapu, Michoacan Lago de Patzcuaro, Michoacan Cienaga de Lerma, Estado de Mexico Cienaga de Lerma, Estado de Mexico Lago de Xochimilco, Mexico City Lago La Mina Preciosa, Puchla Total Total Sample si/.e 18 I 4 1 11 19 4 2 14 74 18 12 27 4 46 84 41 31 5 416 48 89 16 42 34 2 231 The digenean fauna of the endemic amphibians (A. andersoni, A. lermaense, A. dumerilii, R. montezumae, R. dunni, R. neovolcanica, and R. megapoda) in the Transverse Volcanic Axis clearly has a Nearctic origin because none of the neotropical species of digeneans was found in this region, and the trematode fauna is formed of nearctic and endemic species of digeneans. On the other hand, the digenean fauna of the nonendemic host species Leptodactylus melanonotus, Rana vaillanti, and Smilisca baudinii, all collected in the Los Tuxtlas region in the tropical lowlands of the Gulf of Mexico, has a strong neotropical influence. Five of the 9 species reported from that region show a neotropical distribution. In both cases, the parasite fauna reflects the biogeographic and phylogenetic links of the hosts. The endemic species of frogs in the Transverse Volcanic Axis, which represents the boundary between the nearctic and neotropical biogeographic zones, are members of the "Rana Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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January 2000 Number 1 Comparative P
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1). 2000 pp. 1-
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children. This means, to most of th
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liese, 1995; Marcogliese and Cone,
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ural and human alterations of ecosy
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ternationally and locally; (2) be i
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justify the inclusion of parasites
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phy to understand faunal structure
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Eucestoda) coincided with the diver
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(Hoberg et al., 2000). These studie
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serve biodiversity effectively if e
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Clayton, D. H., and B. A. Walther.
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ham. 1996. Combining data in phylog
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schistosomes. Journal of Parasitolo
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MARCOGLIESE ET AL.—DIPLOSTOMUM SP
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MARCOGLIESE HT f^L.—DIPLOSTOMUM S
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MARCOGLIESE ET AL.—DIPLOSTOMUM SP
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(Latreille, 1804) Brandt and Ratzeb
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COADY AND N]CKOL—PLAGIORHYNCHUS C
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COADY AND NICKOL—PLAGIORHYNCHUS C
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Threlfall, W. 1965. Helminth parasi
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Page 47 and 48: AMIN ET AL.—REVISION OF THE GENUS
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Page 51 and 52: 17. Trunk spines appearing continuo
Page 53 and 54: Comp. Parasitol. 67(1), 2000 pp. 51
Page 55 and 56: SMALES—POPOVASTRONGYLUS FROM MARS
Page 57 and 58: tion in a circular buccal capsule.
Page 59 and 60: strongylus pluteus differs from P.
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Page 63 and 64: BURSEY AND GOLDBERG~-/l/VG7aSTOAM O
Page 65 and 66: Table 2. Parasite list for Onychoda
Page 67 and 68: phibian helminths in Japan. VI. Pse
Page 69 and 70: quadrant and 70° in male, 75° in
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Page 75 and 76: Figures 1-3. Pseudoterranova decipi
Page 77 and 78: AMIN ET M^.—PSEUDOTERRANOVA IN MA
Page 79 and 80: the gill baskets of some hosts were
Page 81 and 82: KRITSKY ET AL.—DACTYLOGYRIDS FROM
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Page 89 and 90: MENDOZA-FRANCO ET SCIADICLEITHRUM F
Page 91 and 92: MENDOZA-FRANCO ET AL.—SCIADICLEIT
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Page 97 and 98: PEREZ-PONCE DE LEON ET AL.—DIGENE
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Continued. Locality* (CNHE
Page 105 and 106: Table 2. Continued. Locality (CNHE
Page 107 and 108: casionally prey on tadpoles and ins
Page 113 and 114: Table 1. Extended. Ctenophorus reti
Page 115 and 116: Table 2. Extended. 3 '£ Oswaldofil
Page 117 and 118: Mediorhynchus orientalis Belopol'sk
Page 119 and 120: 4-5 spines each: 25.0-35.0 (31.4).
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Previous helminth records
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Page 125 and 126: WEST ET AL.—RESEARCH NOTES 123 Ta
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Page 133 and 134: Table 2. Published records of helmi
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Page 137 and 138: were larvae. Still, we have conclud
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Name: MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION 143 AP
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*Edna M. Buhrer *Mildred A. Doss *A
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