Comparative Parasitology 67(1) 2000 - Peru State College

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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1), 2000 pp. 122-124 Research Note New Records of Endohelminths of the Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macroclemys temminckii} from Arkansas and Louisiana, U.S.A. MICHELLE WEST,' TIMOTHY P. SCOTT,'-3 STEVE R. SIMCIK,' AND RUTH M. ELSEY2 1 Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3258, U.S.A. (e-mail: tims@mail.bio.tamu.edu) and 2 Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge, Grand Chenier, Louisiana 70643, U.S.A. (e-mail: Elsey_RM@wlf.state.la.us) ABSTRACT: Viscera were collected from alligator snapping turtles, Macroclemys temminckii (Harlan), caught by commercial trappers in Arkansas and Louisiana. A total of 1,708 parasites were recovered from 44 turtles. Endohelminths identified were 4 species of nematodes {Brevimulticaecum tenuicolle Rudolphi, Falcaustra chelydrae Harwood, Falcaustra wardi Mackin, and Serpinema trispinosus Leidy) and 3 species of acanthocephalans (Neoechinorhynchus chrysemydis Cable and Hopp, Neoechinorhynchus emydis Leidy, and Neoechinorhynchus pseudemydis Cable and Hopp). All but F. chelydrae are new records for Macroclemys temminckii. KEY WORDS: acanthocephalan, alligator snapping turtle, endohelminth, Macroclemys temminckii, nematode, parasite, Arkansas, Louisiana, U.S.A. The alligator snapping turtle, Macroclemys temminckii Harlan, 1835, is a large freshwater chelydrid found along the Gulf Coastal Plains and the Mississippi River Valley, U.S.A. (Lovich, 1993). Although some endohelminths are known to be harbored by this turtle, this study documents several endohelminths not previously reported. The most recent parasite work of M. temminckii was conducted by McAllister et al. (1995). In their report, 2 alligator snapping turtles were found to harbor 3 different forms of hemogregarines and the nematode Falcaustra chelydrae Harwood, 1932. Additional parasites recovered from M. temminckii include the trematode Lophotaspis interiora Ward and Hopkins, 1931, and a new species of Eimeria Upton et al., 1992. Here, we provide further details on the variation of the endohelminth fauna of M. temminckii. Alligator snapping turtles were caught by commercial trappers in southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana, U.S.A., in the spring and summer of 1993 and 1994. Turtles were generally caught 3 Corresponding author. 122 Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington in hoop nets or on baited hooks. Often a number of turtles were delivered to a processor in Louisiana and held in a storage tank for several days until there was a sufficient quantity to process. Viscera were collected and frozen for later analysis. Samples were collected as part of another study on the food habits of M. temminckii (Elsey, unpubl.). Viscera were thawed, and stomachs and intestinal tracts were examined for endohelminths. If present, grossly visible parasites were counted and preserved in 70% ethanol for later identification. When required, nematodes were cleared using lactophenol. Temporary mounts of the specimens were made using glycerin jelly. Once identified, the nematodes were returned to 70% ethanol. The acanthocephalans were stained with Semichon's acetocarmine for 24 hours and destained with acid alcohol. Destaining was arrested using 0.1% sodium bicarbonate. Specimens were dehydrated in ethanol, cleared using methyl salicylate, and mounted in Kleermount®. Identifications of nematodes were made using descriptions provided by Baker (1979, 1986) and Sprent (1979). Use of ecological terms follow suggestions of Margolis et al. (1982). Seven species of helminths were recovered from 44 alligator snapping turtles (Table 1). The parasites include 4 species of nematodes and 3 species of 1 genus of acanthocephalan. In this study, F. chelydrae was the only endohelminth found that has been previously documented as a parasite of this turtle. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the nematodes Brevimulticaecum tenuicolle Rudolphi, 1819, Falcaustra wardi Mackin, 1936, Serpinema trispinosus Leidy, 1852, and the acanthocephalans Neoechinorhynchus chrysemydis Cable and Hopp, 1954, Neoechinorhynchus emydis Leidy, 1851, and Neoechinorhynchus pseudemydis Cable and
WEST ET AL.—RESEARCH NOTES 123 Table 1. Parasites recovered from Macroclemys temminckii in southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana. Parasite Prevalence* Mean intensity ± SDf Range Abundance ± SDi Acanthocephala Neoechinarhynchus chrysemydis (USNPC 88658) Neoechinorhynchus emydis (USNPC 88659) Neoechinarhynchus pseudemydis (USNPC 88660) Nematoda Brevimultlcaecum tenuicolle (USNPC 88661) Falcaustra die/yd rat- (USNPC 88663) Falcaustra wardi (USNPC 88662) Serpinema trispinosus (USNPC 88664) 9% 2% 2% 9% 98% 14% 84% 2% 16% 26.0 ± 44.1 21.0 51.0 8.0 ± 8.3 37.3 ± 56.4 5.2 ± 9.7 41.4 ± 59.5 1.0 5.9 ± 5.8 1-51 — — 1-20 1-319 1-25 1-319 — 1-14 2.4 ± 13.9 0.5 ± 3.2 1.2 ± 7.7 0.7 ± 3.2 36.5 ± 56.0 1.0 ± 4.1 34.8 ± 56.6 0.0 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 3.1 * Prevalence = number of individuals of a host species infected with a particular parasite species -=- number of hosts examined. t Abundance = total number of individuals of a particular parasite species in a sample of hosts -^ total number of individuals of the host species in the sample. $ Mean intensity = total number of individuals of a particular parasite species in a sample of a host species •*• number of infected individuals of the host species in the sample. Hopp, 1954, from the alligator snapping turtle. Individual turtles harbored up to 4 species of parasites. Thirty-five turtles (79.5%) contained 1 species, 7 turtles (15.9%) had 2 species, and 2 (4.6%) had 4 species. A total of 1,708 parasite specimens were identified. Infected hosts held from 1 to 319 parasites. Species of Falcaustra are commonly reported parasites of aquatic turtles (Conboy et al., 1993). In this study, F. chelydrae accounted for 89.6% (1,531) of the total parasites identified and was harbored by 84.1% (37) of the turtles studied. Falcaustra wardi accounted for less than 1.0% (1) of the total number of parasites and was detected in only 1 turtle (2.3%). Serpinema trispinosus is another nematode common in aquatic turtles (Conboy et al., 1993). However, this is the first account of M. temminckii harboring this parasite. Serpinema trispinosus accounted for 2.4% (41) of the total number of parasites recovered and was found in 15.9% (7) of the turtles. Brevimulticaecum tenuicolle has been found only in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis Daudin, 1803 (Sprent, 1979). This nematode can be differentiated from other species based on lobulated, teat-shaped ventricular appendices (Sprent, 1979). In this study 1.8% (31) of the total parasites were B. tenuicolle. Of the turtles studied, 13.6% (6) harbored this parasite. This is the first record of this species of helminth in the alligator snapping turtle. Acanthocephalans of the genus Neoechinorhynchus are common endohelminths of aquatic turtles (Petrochenko, 1971). Prior to this report, none has been observed in M. temminckii. Species of Neoechinorhynchus represented 6.1% (104) of the parasites in this study (1.2% TV. chrysemydis, 3.0% N. emydis, and 1.9% N. pseudemydis), and parasitized 9.1% (4) of the turtles. In summary, this research added 6 new species to the helminth fauna of the alligator snapping turtle. Future natural history and endohelminth surveys of M. temminckii could contribute to a better overall understanding of the parasitic life cycle, parasite diversity, and host-parasite relationship. Thanks are extended to Ms. Came Kilgore for assistance in laboratory identification of endohelminths, to Mr. Lee Caubarreaux and Mr. James Manning of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (L.D.W.F.) for administrative support, and to several L.D.W.F. specialists and in-service students for assistance with field collections and necropsies. Much appreciation also goes to the Department of Biology at Texas A&M University for the use of its facilities. Thanks are extended to Dr. J. R. Lichtenfels, United States National Parasite Collection, Ag- Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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January 2000 Number 1 Comparative P
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1). 2000 pp. 1-
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children. This means, to most of th
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liese, 1995; Marcogliese and Cone,
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ural and human alterations of ecosy
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ternationally and locally; (2) be i
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justify the inclusion of parasites
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phy to understand faunal structure
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Eucestoda) coincided with the diver
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(Hoberg et al., 2000). These studie
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serve biodiversity effectively if e
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Clayton, D. H., and B. A. Walther.
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ham. 1996. Combining data in phylog
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schistosomes. Journal of Parasitolo
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MARCOGLIESE ET AL.—DIPLOSTOMUM SP
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MARCOGLIESE HT f^L.—DIPLOSTOMUM S
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MARCOGLIESE ET AL.—DIPLOSTOMUM SP
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(Latreille, 1804) Brandt and Ratzeb
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COADY AND N]CKOL—PLAGIORHYNCHUS C
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COADY AND NICKOL—PLAGIORHYNCHUS C
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Threlfall, W. 1965. Helminth parasi
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strictive traits that were basicall
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Cement gland usually small with few
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AMIN ET AL.—REVISION OF THE GENUS
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AMIN ET AL.—REVISION OF THE GENUS
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17. Trunk spines appearing continuo
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Comp. Parasitol. 67(1), 2000 pp. 51
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SMALES—POPOVASTRONGYLUS FROM MARS
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tion in a circular buccal capsule.
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strongylus pluteus differs from P.
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garoo from Kangaroo Island (Smales
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BURSEY AND GOLDBERG~-/l/VG7aSTOAM O
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Table 2. Parasite list for Onychoda
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phibian helminths in Japan. VI. Pse
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quadrant and 70° in male, 75° in
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increase in the number of cuticular
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Page 75 and 76: Figures 1-3. Pseudoterranova decipi
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Page 95 and 96: PEREZ-PONCE DE LEON ET AL.—DIGENE
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Continued. Locality* (CNHE
Page 105 and 106: Table 2. Continued. Locality (CNHE
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Page 113 and 114: Table 1. Extended. Ctenophorus reti
Page 115 and 116: Table 2. Extended. 3 '£ Oswaldofil
Page 117 and 118: Mediorhynchus orientalis Belopol'sk
Page 119 and 120: 4-5 spines each: 25.0-35.0 (31.4).
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Previous helminth records
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Page 145 and 146: Name: MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION 143 AP
Page 147 and 148: *Edna M. Buhrer *Mildred A. Doss *A
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