246 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, <strong>68</strong>(2), JULY <strong>2001</strong> CR Mv V/"7f:.:v r^25"/ '••'•:%6&^!£^^±-^ - > V - : : . : ;•- '
GIBLIN-DAVIS ET AL.—CUTICULAR CHANGES IN FERGUSOBIID NEMATODES 247 harenkova and Chizhov, 1991, and Allantonema rnirabile Leuckart, 1884 (Allantonematidae), were similar to those of P. nicholasi, being composed of a hypertrophied epidermis with microvilli that was covered by a cuticle-like layer (Subbotin et al., 1994). Insect hemolymph characteristically has high levels of amino acids, trehalose, other nonamino organic acids, and salts (Chapman, 1972), making it a nutrient-rich environment for parasites that can overcome innate host defense mechanisms. Insect-parasitic tylenchid nematodes have adapted to the challenges of obtaining nutrition from a living insect host in a variety of ways, including acquisition per os (through the mouth), through a modified or absent cuticle, or through prolapsis and modification of the uterus as in the Sphaerulariinae (Sphaerulariidae). Tylenchids from the Neotylenchidae, Allantonematidae, lotonchiidae, and Parasitotylenchidae have insect-parasitic forms that are obese and have degenerate esophagi, intestines that are degenerate or modifed as storage organs, and the stylet often sunken into the body or even lacking (Siddiqi, 2000), suggesting that they employ some form of transcuticular or transepidermal uptake. Deladenus (Neotylenchidae), Paraiotonchium (lotonchiidae), Howardula (Allantonematidae), Skarbilovinerna (lotonchiidae), and Fergusobia (Neotylenchidae) may represent contemporary examples of an evolutionary trend from per os to transepidermal nutrient acquisition in insectparasitic Tylenchida. Of course, this is a highly speculative exercise until more information about the transition between preparasitic and parasitic females is known and some independent phylogenetic data are available. The evolutionary trend is hypothesized to be: 1) Per os acquisition via a stylet, esophagus, and gut. This strategy takes advantage of the existing stylet for feeding on fungi, plants, or other invertebrates. It is a less energy- and time-efficient method of nutrient acquisition for a hemocoelic parasite because obtaining food through the stylet requires expending energy to maintain and operate its esophagus and intestine. 2) Per os acquisition with thinning and partial apolysis of the cuticle and coincident epidermal folding to increase surface area for supplemental transcuticular uptake of nutrients (possibly Deladenus spp.). 3) Early per os acquisition followed by apolysis, partial absorption of the cuticle without the creation of a new cuticle, and folding of the epidermis such that uptake is transcuticular and somatic muscles, esophagus, and gut degenerate (e.g., Paraiotonchium). 4) Early per os acquisition followed by full apolysis and ecdysis without the creation of a new cuticle. There is hypertrophy and folding of the epidermis, and nutrient uptake is transepidermal, somatic muscles and esophagus degenerate, and the gut degenerates or is transformed into a storage organ (e.g., Howardula, Skarbilovinema, and Fergusobia). The epidermal hypertrophy and folding are superficially similar to the formation of plicae (epidermal folds) during the development of a new cuticle (Bird and Bird, 1991) but are more extensive and apparently are not accompanied by the formation of a new cuticle. Acknowledgments We thank Drs. Bill Howard and Thomas Weissling for review of the manuscript and Matthew Purcell, Jeff Makinson, and Dr. John Goolsby for making the senior author's visit to the Australian Biological Control laboratory in Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia, such a productive and enjoyable experience. This project was funded in part by USDA-ARS Specific Cooperative Agreement No. 58-6629-9-004 from the USDA Invasive Plant Research Laboratory in Davie, Florida, U.S.A. This is Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-07870. Literature Cited Bird, A. F., and J. Bird. 1991. The Structure of Nematodes, 2nd ed. Academic Press, Inc., New York, U.S.A. 316 pp. Chapman, R. F. 1972. The Insects: Structure and Function. American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York, U.S.A. 819 pp. Currie, G. A. 1937. Galls on Eucalyptus trees: A new type of association between flies and nematodes. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 62:147-174. Giblin-Davis, R. M., K. A. Davies, G. S. Taylor, and W. K. Thomas. <strong>2001</strong>. Entomophilic nematode models for studying biodiversity and cospeciation. Pages 00-00 in Z. X. Chen, S. Y. Chen, and D. W. Dickson, eds. Nematology, Advances and Perspectives. Tsinghua University Press/Springer- Verlag, New York, U.S.A. (In press.) Maggenti, A. R. 1982. General Nematology. Springer- Verlag, New York. 372 pp. Nicholas, W. L. 1972. The fine structure of the cuticle of Heterotylenchus. Nematologica 18:138-140. Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1979. Nematodes for Biological Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
- Page 1 and 2:
Volume 68 July 2001 Number 2 Former
- Page 3 and 4:
Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
- Page 5 and 6:
CRISCIONE AND FONT—DEVELOPMENT OF
- Page 7 and 8:
length did not exceed 1.2 mm. By da
- Page 9 and 10:
Agamidae) from Australia. Journal o
- Page 11 and 12:
infection with O. javaensis (C. D.
- Page 13 and 14:
CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
- Page 15 and 16:
CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
- Page 17 and 18:
and Font, 2001), the indication of
- Page 19 and 20:
U.S.A. (42°59'N; 88°21'W). Ten to
- Page 21 and 22:
Table 2. Prevalence (Pr) and Rana c
- Page 23 and 24:
transmission dynamics of these 3 tr
- Page 25 and 26:
196 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and
- Page 27 and 28:
Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
- Page 29 and 30:
filariae of S. fallisensis was simi
- Page 31 and 32:
Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
- Page 33 and 34:
CARRENO ET AL.—DEER PARASITES IN
- Page 35 and 36:
ange of host species, but most coll
- Page 37 and 38:
Oestridae). Canadian Journal of Zoo
- Page 39 and 40:
Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
- Page 41 and 42:
JOY AND TUCKER—SALAMANDER PARASIT
- Page 43 and 44:
south-central New York salamanders.
- Page 45 and 46:
AGUIRRE-MACEDO ET AL.—ENDOHELMINT
- Page 47 and 48:
AGUIRRE-MACEDO ET AL.—ENDOHELMINT
- Page 49 and 50: AGUIRRE-MACEDO ET AL.—ENDOHELMINT
- Page 51 and 52: Table 1. Helminths found in freshwa
- Page 53 and 54: •o d c o U rH CB 3 C8 H °Q 0 W T
- Page 55 and 56: da-Lopez et al., 1985; Leon, 1992;
- Page 57 and 58: especie del genero Goezici Zeder, 1
- Page 59 and 60: JALISCO SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—
- Page 61 and 62: SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—HELMINTH
- Page 63 and 64: Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
- Page 65 and 66: Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
- Page 67 and 68: Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
- Page 69 and 70: Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
- Page 71 and 72: tudio helmintologico de Chirostoma
- Page 73 and 74: Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 2
- Page 75 and 76: CURRAN ET AL.—TWO VIETNAMESE SNAK
- Page 77 and 78: methods of fixation had not been kn
- Page 79 and 80: tion) but were in independent later
- Page 81 and 82: tylidae Poche: Part 2. A contributi
- Page 83 and 84: KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABDIAS AMBYSTOMAE
- Page 85 and 86: KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABD1AS AMBYSTOMAE
- Page 87 and 88: KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABDIAS AMBYSTOMAE
- Page 89 and 90: Literature Cited Baker, M. R. 1978.
- Page 91 and 92: Figure 1. Spores of Myxobolus gibbo
- Page 93 and 94: CONE—DIAGNOSIS OF MYXOBOLUS 239 F
- Page 95 and 96: Literature Cited Cone, D. K., and R
- Page 97 and 98: G1BLIN-DAVIS ET AL.—CUTICULAR CHA
- Page 99: - GIBLIN-DAVIS ET AL.—CUTICULAR C
- Page 103 and 104: Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 2
- Page 105 and 106: PAOLA AND DAMBORENEA—TEGUMENT OF
- Page 107 and 108: PAOLA AND DAMBORENEA—TEGUMENT OF
- Page 109 and 110: PAOLA AND DAMBORENEA—TEGUMENT OF
- Page 111 and 112: RESEARCH NOTES 257 Table 1. Mean wo
- Page 113 and 114: , D. Iglesias, and B. Fried. 1986.
- Page 115 and 116: most being found in segment 4 (jeju
- Page 117 and 118: RESEARCH NOTES 263 Table 1. Helmint
- Page 119 and 120: Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 2
- Page 121 and 122: RESEARCH NOTES 267 Table 1. Numbers
- Page 123 and 124: Kharchenko, V. A., G. M. Dvojnos, a
- Page 125 and 126: id s „ ~ 55 **5 | «§ u ' *^ U
- Page 127 and 128: (Nematoda). Except for H. tursionis
- Page 129 and 130: RESEARCH NOTES 275 Figure 1. Cephal
- Page 131 and 132: Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 2
- Page 133 and 134: c Tj ;^ fn in ON o m ON "3 s ON gcd
- Page 135 and 136: ticeps (Rudolphi, 1819), which also
- Page 137 and 138: Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 2
- Page 139 and 140: Nieto reviewed recent advances in t
- Page 141 and 142: Adenomera hylaedactyla, 21 Algansea
- Page 143 and 144: Honorary Membership, 282 Life Membe
- Page 145 and 146: Schrankiana larvata, 21 Schrankiana
- Page 147 and 148: *Edna M. Buhrer "Mildred A. Doss *