Comparative Parasitology 68(2) 2001 - Peru State College

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200 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, <strong>68</strong>(2), JULY <strong>2001</strong> MEXICO ,-•* ! \TLAXCAl_A Figure 1. The Balsas River drainage basin of southwestern Mexico, showing the fish collection sites. Double circles indicate sites where no infected fish were collected. then fixed in hot 10% formalin. Digeneans, cestodes, and acanthocephalans were stained with Mayer's paracarmine or Ehrlich's hematoxylin, dehydrated through a graded alcohol series, cleared in methyl salicylate, and whole-mounted. Nematodes were cleared with glycerine for light microscopy and stored in 70% ethanol. Voucher specimens of all taxa have been deposited in the Coleccion Nacional de Helmintos, Institute de Biologfa, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Infection parameters utilized are those proposed by Margolis et al. (1982), that is, prevalence (% infected) and abundance of infection (number of parasites per examined fish), expressed as mean ± standard deviation, followed by the range of intensity. Results The parasites encountered, their hosts, collection locations, infection sites, and prevalence, abundance, and range of intensity of helminth species are summarized in Table 1. Only 18 of the 1,045 host fish examined harbored monogeneans. Eight Gyrodactylus sp. were collected from 2 P. gracilis and 1 P. infans. Fifteen A. fasciatus were found to harbor 66 Urocleidoides cf. costaricensis. Only 36 (3.4%) of the necropsied fish (3 species) were parasite-free. These fish included both ictalurid species, and 33 /. whitei from CR. Fish at 8 of the 28 collection sites sampled were not Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington infected at all: HU, PE, CI, PA, XA, TL, AH, and CR (Fig. 1). The most prevalent and widespread helminth parasite was the cestode Bothriocephalus acheilognathi that was recorded in 8 of the 13 Balsas River fish species, at infection intensities from 1 to 46. Discussion Data from this survey provide further evidence to support Moravec's (1998) contention that nematodes represent a significant component of helminth faunas in tropical freshwater fishes. They also corroborate the statement of Salgado-Maldonado and Kennedy (1997) that richness in digenean species is a characteristic of these helminth communities. In contrast, acanthocephalans were found to be very rare in the Balsas River survey, supporting the claim of Salgado-Maldonado et al. (1992) that adult acanthocephalans are generally very rare parasites in Mexican freshwater fishes. Adult cestodes are not common parasites in Mexican freshwater fishes; however, this survey found 4 metacestode species. Previous surveys from most other geographical areas in Mexico (Pine-
da-Lopez et al., 1985; Leon, 1992; Jimenez- Garcia, 1994; Salgado-Maldonado et al., 1997) did not reveal a rich fauna of cestodes (but see Scholz et al., 1996). Monogeneans have only exceptionally been reported from freshwater fishes in Mexico (Lamothe-Argumedo, 1981), but a number of species have been found recently, in particular in southeastern Mexico (Kritsky et al., 1994, 2000; Mendoza-Franco et al., 1997, 1999). Most of the parasites recorded in this survey are shared with freshwater fishes inhabiting other Mexican drainage basins (see Pineda-Lopez et al., 1985; Jimenez-Garcia, 1994; Moravec, Vivas-Rodriguez, Scholz, Vargas-Vazquez, Mendoza-Franco, and Gonzalez-Soli's, 1995; Moravec, Vivas-Rodriguez, Scholz, Vargas-Vazquez, Mendoza-Franco, Schmitter-Soto, and Gonzalez-Soli's, 1995; Scholz et al., 1995, 1996; Salgado-Maldonado et al., 1997; Moravec, 1998; Moravec et al., 2000; Scholz and Vargas- Vazquez, 1998; Scholz and Salgado-Maldonado, 2000). Six adult species are of neotropical origin: Urocleidoid.es cf. costaricensis, M. simplex, R. kidderi, R. lichtenfelsi, R. mexicana, and N. golvani. Saccocoelioides sogandaresi, Rhabdochona canadensis, and C. cyprinodonticola have been recorded in various freshwater fishes in Canada and southern North America (Lumsden, 1963; Moravec and Aral, 1971; Moravec, 1998). Twelve of 25 helminth species recorded during this survey were larval forms that utilized small freshwater fishes as intermediate hosts. All these allogenic species are widespread taxa, with wide distributions within Mexico and broad host specificity. Thus, they can be regarded as an ecological component of the fish parasite communities in the Balsas River basin. The metacercariae of C. complanatum, P. minimum, and Diplostomum cf. compactum, as well as the larvae of nematodes Eustrongylides sp., Contracaecum sp., and Acuariidae gen. sp. have been commonly recorded in cichlids, poeciliids, characiids, pimelodids, and other fish families from southern Mexico (Pineda-Lopez, 1985; Pineda- Lopez et al., 1985; Osorio-Sarabia et al., 1987; Jimenez-Garcia, 1994; Moravec, Vivas-Rodriguez, Scholz, Vargas-Vazquez, Mendoza-Franco, Schmitter-Soto, and Gonzalez-Solis, 1995; Scholz et al., 1995; Salgado-Maldonado et al., 1997). They have also been reported in atherinids, goodeids, and other fish families from the Lerma Santiago River basin in the highland pla- SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—HELMINTHS OF MEXICAN FISHES 201 teau of central Mexico (Osorio-Sarabia et al., 1986; Salgado-Maldonado and Osorio-Sarabia, 1987; Leon, 1992; Peresbarbosa et al., 1994). All these helminth species are widely distributed in North America, and some are worldwide (Hoffman, 1967; Yamaguti, 1971; Gibson, 1996). Some of the helminths found have been introduced to Mexico with exotic fish or other animals. The Asian fish tapeworm (B. acheilognathi) has been disseminated globally in association with Asian cyprinids (grass and common carp) introduced to several countries for use in aquaculture (Salgado-Maldonado et al., 1986). This tapeworm has broad host specificity and now occurs in more than 15 freshwater fish species in Mexico (Garcia and Osorio-Sarabia, 1991). We found B. acheilognathi widely distributed within the Balsas River basin, parasitizing 8 fish species, mainly poeciliids. Another example is the heterophyid trematode C. formosanus that was introduced into Mexico most probably with the imported thiarid snail Melanoides tuberculata (Miiller, 1774) serving as the first intermediate host. This trematode has rapidly spread to an extensive area, including central Mexico and both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, apparently aided by the previous expansion of M. tuberculata within Mexico. The metacercariae of C. formosanus are encysted in the gills of a wide spectrum of native fishes including members of Atherinidae, Cichlidae, Cyprinidae, Eleotridae, Goodeidae, Ictaluridae, and Poeciliidae (see Scholz and Salgado-Maldonado, 2000). The adults are parasites in piscivorous birds and mammals. An increasing number of recent records of C. formosanus in numerous new hosts and regions, including the Balsas River drainage, suggests that this helminth is continuing to expand its distribution (Scholz and Salgado-Maldonado, 2000). Too few studies have been undertaken to draw conclusions about the zoogeographic characteristics of the helminth communities in the freshwater fish species of the Balsas River basin. However, two general statements can be made about these faunas. The first is that nematode and trematode species predominate, with only a few monogeneans and acanthocephalans being present. Second, all helminths found had previously been reported from other regions of Mexico; therefore the taxonomic composition of the helminth fauna of the fishes of the Balsas River Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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Volume 68 July 2001 Number 2 Former
Page 3 and 4: Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
Page 5 and 6: CRISCIONE AND FONT—DEVELOPMENT OF
Page 7 and 8: length did not exceed 1.2 mm. By da
Page 9 and 10: Agamidae) from Australia. Journal o
Page 11 and 12: infection with O. javaensis (C. D.
Page 13 and 14: CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
Page 15 and 16: CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
Page 17 and 18: and Font, 2001), the indication of
Page 19 and 20: U.S.A. (42°59'N; 88°21'W). Ten to
Page 21 and 22: Table 2. Prevalence (Pr) and Rana c
Page 23 and 24: transmission dynamics of these 3 tr
Page 25 and 26: 196 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and
Page 29 and 30: filariae of S. fallisensis was simi
Page 33 and 34: CARRENO ET AL.—DEER PARASITES IN
Page 35 and 36: ange of host species, but most coll
Page 37 and 38: Oestridae). Canadian Journal of Zoo
Page 41 and 42: JOY AND TUCKER—SALAMANDER PARASIT
Page 43 and 44: south-central New York salamanders.
Page 45 and 46: AGUIRRE-MACEDO ET AL.—ENDOHELMINT
Page 51 and 52: Table 1. Helminths found in freshwa
Page 53: •o d c o U rH CB 3 C8 H °Q 0 W T
Page 57 and 58: especie del genero Goezici Zeder, 1
Page 59 and 60: JALISCO SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—
Page 61 and 62: SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—HELMINTH
Page 63 and 64: Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
Page 71 and 72: tudio helmintologico de Chirostoma
Page 75 and 76: CURRAN ET AL.—TWO VIETNAMESE SNAK
Page 77 and 78: methods of fixation had not been kn
Page 79 and 80: tion) but were in independent later
Page 81 and 82: tylidae Poche: Part 2. A contributi
Page 83 and 84: KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABDIAS AMBYSTOMAE
Page 85 and 86: KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABD1AS AMBYSTOMAE
Page 87 and 88: KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABDIAS AMBYSTOMAE
Page 89 and 90: Literature Cited Baker, M. R. 1978.
Page 91 and 92: Figure 1. Spores of Myxobolus gibbo
Page 93 and 94: CONE—DIAGNOSIS OF MYXOBOLUS 239 F
Page 95 and 96: Literature Cited Cone, D. K., and R
Page 97 and 98: G1BLIN-DAVIS ET AL.—CUTICULAR CHA
Page 99 and 100: - GIBLIN-DAVIS ET AL.—CUTICULAR C
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PAOLA AND DAMBORENEA—TEGUMENT OF
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RESEARCH NOTES 257 Table 1. Mean wo
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, D. Iglesias, and B. Fried. 1986.
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most being found in segment 4 (jeju
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RESEARCH NOTES 263 Table 1. Helmint
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Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 2
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RESEARCH NOTES 267 Table 1. Numbers
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Kharchenko, V. A., G. M. Dvojnos, a
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id s „ ~ 55 **5 | «§ u ' *^ U
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(Nematoda). Except for H. tursionis
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RESEARCH NOTES 275 Figure 1. Cephal
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c Tj ;^ fn in ON o m ON "3 s ON gcd
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ticeps (Rudolphi, 1819), which also
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Nieto reviewed recent advances in t
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Adenomera hylaedactyla, 21 Algansea
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Honorary Membership, 282 Life Membe
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Schrankiana larvata, 21 Schrankiana
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*Edna M. Buhrer "Mildred A. Doss *
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