Comparative Parasitology 68(2) 2001 - Peru State College

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Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 228-235 Rhabdias ambystomae sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the North American Spotted Salamander Ambystoma inaculatum (Amphibia: Ambystomatidae) YURIY KUZMIN,' VASYL V. TKACH,1-2 AND SCOTT D. SNYDER3'4 1 Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky Street, Kiev-30, MSP, 01601, Ukraine, 2 Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda Street 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland, and 3 Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, U.S.A. (e-mail: snyder@uwosh.edu) ABSTRACT: Rhabdias ambystomae sp. n. is described on the basis of specimens found in the lungs and body cavity of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) from northwestern Wisconsin, U.S.A. The new species differs from Rhabdias bermani in tail shape, arrangement of circumoral lips, and position of vulva, from Rhabdias tokyoensis in the morphology and size of the buccal capsule and the shape of the esophagus, and from Rhabdias americanus in the absence of pseudolabia at the cephalic extremity and the shape of the tail. Rhabdias ambystomae sp. n. is the first species of the genus described from salamanders in North America. KEY WORDS: Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae, Rhabdias ambystomae sp. n., salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Nematodes of the genus Rhabdias Stiles and Hassall, 1905, are globally distributed lung parasites of amphibians and reptiles. Among amphibian hosts, the vast majority of Rhabdias species have been reported from anurans (frogs and toads), whereas only 2 species of the genus have been described from caudatans (salamanders): Rhabdias bermani Rausch, Rausch, and Atrashkevich, 1984, from the Siberian newt Salamandrella keyserlingii Dybowski, 1870, in the eastern Palearctic (Rausch et al., 1984) and Rhabdias tokyoensis Wilkie, 1930, from Cynops spp. in Japan (Wilkie, 1930). In North America, Rhabdias spp. previously have been found in the lungs and body cavities of several species of salamanders (Lehmann, 1954; Dyer and Peck, 1975; Price and St. John, 1980; Coggins and Sajdak, 1982; Muzzall and Schinderle, 1992; Bolek and Coggins, 1998; Goldberg et al., 1998). These nematodes were identified as either Rhabdias sp., Rhabdias ranae Walton, 1929, or Rhabdias joaquinensis Ingles, 1935, the latter 2 species normally restricted to anuran amphibians. In the course of investigations of the helminth fauna of Wisconsin amphibians, infections by a species of Rhabdias were detected in the lungs and body cavities of 2 specimens of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802). Morphological examination revealed these worms Corresponding author. 228 Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington to represent a new species of the genus Rhabdias. This species is described herein as Rhabdias ambystomae sp. n. Materials and Methods Amphibians were collected from a roadside wetland near Pigeon Lake, Bayfield County, Wisconsin, U.S.A. A total of 26 gravid and 110 subadult nematodes were found in 2 of 4 A. maculatum. Nematodes were fixed in hot formalin and postfixed in 70% ethanol. Prior to light microscopic examination, worms were cleared in glycerol by gradual evaporation from a 5% solution of glycerol in 70% ethanol. Nematodes to be examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were postfixed in ethanol, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and acetone, and critical point dried in a Desk II Critical Point Dryer® (Denton Vacuum, Inc., Moorestown, New Jersey, U.S.A.) with CO2 as the transition fluid. The specimens were mounted on stubs, coated with gold, and examined with a Hitachi 2460N® scanning electron microscope (Hitachi USA, Mountain View, California, U.S.A.) at an accelerating voltage of 10-15 kV Five specimens of R. bermani from S. keyserlingii collected in Magadanskaya Region, Russia, 10 specimens of R. tokyoensis from the brown newt Cynops ensicauda (Hallowell, 1860) collected on Okinawa Island, Japan, 20 specimens of R. ranae from the northern leopard frog Rana pipiens (Schreber, 1782) collected in Wisconsin, U.S.A., and 18 specimens of Rhabdias americanus Baker, 1978, from the American toad Bufo americanus Hoibrook, 1836, collected in Wisconsin, U.S.A. were examined by light microscopy and measured after being cleared as above. All measurements are given in micrometers unless otherwise stated. Measurements are given for the holotype followed by minimum and maximum measurements of paratypes in parentheses.
KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABDIAS AMBYSTOMAE SP. N. 229 Table 1. Measurements taken from gravid Rhabdias ambystomae sp. n. (type series; n = 18) (measurements in micrometers unless otherwise noted). Character Body length (mm) Body width Buccal capsule depth Buccal capsule width Width of esophagus, anterior end Width of esophagus, muscular region Minimum width of esophagus, glandular region Esophageal bulb width Distance, anterior end of esophagus to nerve ring Distance, anterior end of esophagus to nerve ring (as % of esophagus length) Esophagus length Esophagus length (as % of body length) Distance from anterior end to vulva (mm) Distance from anterior end to vulva (as % of body length) Tail length Tail length (as % of body length) Description Results Rhabdias ambystomae sp. n. (Figs. 1-15) Because both gravid and subadult nematodes were found in the same host specimens, each of these stages is described separately. GRAVID SPECIMENS (Table 1): Body elongated 12.6 (6.8-13.0) mm long, 350 (210-430) wide. Anterior end rounded, posterior end tapered. Body cuticle swollen, especially on anterior and posterior thirds of body. Irregularly arranged transverse folds formed by cuticular surface. Round oral opening surrounded by 6 small lips, each bearing 1 elongated conical inner papilla and 2 minute outer papillae. Inner papillae directed toward oral opening. Flat cuticular ring separating each lip from edge of oral opening. Buccal capsule cuplike in lateral view, round in apical view. Buccal capsule depth 15 (12-15), width 17 (15-17). Esophagus club-shaped, 560 (450-590) in length, with short anterior muscular portion and long posterior glandular portion. Nerve ring at level of border between muscular and glandular regions of esophagus, 160 (130-180) from esophagus anterior end. Large optically dense hypodermal cells prominent along glandular region of esophagus. Excretory glands indistinct, excretory duct short. Two large anterior coelomocytes situated between posterior end of esophagus and loop of anterior genital limb. Intestine thick, filled with brown or Holotype 12.6 350 15 17 45 50 57 90 160 28.6 560 4.5 7 56 210 1.7 Paratypes (mean [min.— max.]) 10.5 (6.8-13.0) 342 (210-430) 14 (12-15) 17 (15-17) 43 (40-45) 54 (45-67) 59 (42-67) 85 (65-100) 159 (130-180) 28.9 (22.8-34.6) 546 (450-590) 5.4 (4.1-7.4) 5.8 (3.8-7.4) 55 (47.4-58.2) 236 (190-300) 2.3 (1.6-3.1) black contents. Intestinal walls thinner in posterior than in anterior region of body. Muscular sphincter between intestine and rectum present. Rectum lined with thick cuticle. Tail wide, conical, 210 (190-300) in length. Vulva usually postequatorial with indistinct lips. Genital system amphidelphic. Ovaries straight or slightly twisted, lying along intestine. Proximal regions of both ovaries overlap level of vulva. Both limbs of genital system bend backward at level of oviducts. Anterior oviduct occasionally forms 2 loops as it bends. Seminal receptacles short, thick walled. Uteri wide, thin walled, filled with numerous eggs. Egg size 112- 130 X 55-65. SUBADULT SPECIMENS (Table 2): Body length 4.15 (3.3-4.8) mm, width 111 (100-120). Anterior end rounded, posterior end tapered. Body cuticle thin and smooth, slightly swollen at anterior and posterior ends. Head structures similar to those in gravid worms. Lateral lips situated farther from oral opening than submedian lips. Buccal capsule and esophagus shapes similar to those in adults. Buccal capsule 12 (10-12) deep, 17 (15-17) wide. Esophagus 432 (400-460) long. Two elongated narrow excretory glands stretch from posterior edge of nerve ring to anterior end of intestine. Pair of coelomocytes situated subventrally, close to anterior limb of genital system. Intestine thick, reddish. Rectum sclerotized. Tail elongated, 171 (150-190) in length. Bulbous projection of body wall slightly posteriad to anal opening. Vulva postequatorial. Vulva lips indistinct. Genital system Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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Volume 68 July 2001 Number 2 Former
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Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—DEVELOPMENT OF
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length did not exceed 1.2 mm. By da
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Agamidae) from Australia. Journal o
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infection with O. javaensis (C. D.
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
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and Font, 2001), the indication of
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U.S.A. (42°59'N; 88°21'W). Ten to
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Table 2. Prevalence (Pr) and Rana c
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transmission dynamics of these 3 tr
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196 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and
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filariae of S. fallisensis was simi
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Page 63 and 64: Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
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Page 77 and 78: methods of fixation had not been kn
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c Tj ;^ fn in ON o m ON "3 s ON gcd
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ticeps (Rudolphi, 1819), which also
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Nieto reviewed recent advances in t
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Adenomera hylaedactyla, 21 Algansea
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Honorary Membership, 282 Life Membe
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Schrankiana larvata, 21 Schrankiana
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*Edna M. Buhrer "Mildred A. Doss *
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