Comparative Parasitology 68(2) 2001 - Peru State College

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Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 256-259 Research Note Infectivity and Comparative Pathology of Echinostoma caproni, Echinostoma revolutum, and Echinostoma trivolvis (Trematoda) in the Domestic Chick SHANNON K. MULLIGAN,' JANE E. HUFFMAN,1-3 AND BERNARD FRIED2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Fish and Wildlife Microbiology Laboratory, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania 18301, U.S.A. (e-mail: jhuffman@po-box.esu.edu) and 2 Department of Biology, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, U.S.A. ABSTRACT: We examined the clinical and pathological effects of 3 species of 37-collar-spined Echinostoma in domestic chicks. Three groups of 6 chicks each were infected with 50 metacercariae of either Echinostoma caproni, Echinostoma revolutum, or Echinostoma trivolvis. A group of 6 chicks was not infected and served as the uninfected controls. The chicks were necropsied on day 14 postinfection (PI). Infectivity and worm recovery rates for E. caproni were 100% and 24%, respectively; for E. revolutum, they were 67% and 9%, respectively; and for E. trivolvis, they were 83% and 15%, respectively. Echinostoma caproni was located in the middle third of the small intestine, whereas E. revolutum and E. trivolvis were located in the lower third, showing that niche selection of the different echinostomes varied. The echinostomes became ovigerous on days 10, 12, and 14 PI for E. caproni, E. trivolvis, and E. revolutum, respectively. Goblet cell proliferation in the host intestinal mucosa occurred in all infections. KEY WORDS: Echinostoma caproni, Echinostoma trivolvis, Echinostoma revolutum, Trematoda, domestic chicks, echinostomiasis, pathology, clinical effects, goblet cell, infectivity. Because echinostomiasis has produced significant mortality in ducks raised for commercial production in Europe and Asia (Kishore and Sinha, 1982), studies on experimental avian models to define the clinical and pathological features of the echinostomes are needed. Except for the experimental studies by Kim and Fried (1989) on gross and histopathological effects of Echinostoma caproni Richard, 1964, in an experimental avian model, such studies are lacking. In North America, avian hosts in the wild are often infected with Echinostoma trivolvis (Cort, 1914) and Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) and species of Echinoparyphium (43- and 3 Corresponding author. 256 Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington 45-collar-spined echinostomes). Interestingly, the habitat of species of Echinoparyphium in the gut of birds is more anteriad than that of either E. trivolvis or E. revolutum. Echinostoma caproni also tends to localize more anteriad in the avian gut than either E. trivolvis or E. revolutum, and may serve as a useful model for Echinoparyphium infections. Therefore, information obtained from single infections of the 3 echinostome species examined in this study may be useful to wildlife studies of birds naturally infected with 3 or more species of echinostomes. The objectives of this study were to determine the following parameters in E. caproni', E. revolutum-, and E. trivolvis-infected birds: packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, and the relative splenic and hepatic weights of infected and noninfected domestic chicks. Parasite recovery and location were recorded from infected animals. We also examined tissues grossly and microscopically for evidence of pathological changes. Metacercarial cysts of E. caproni and E. trivolvis were obtained from the kidneys and pericardial sacs of laboratory-infected Biornphalaria glabrata (Say, 1816) snails (Huffman and Fried, 1990). Metacercarial cysts of E. revolutum were obtained from experimentally infected Lymnaea elodes (Say, 1821) snails (Sorenson et al., 1997). Twenty-four-d-old unfed domestic chicks were obtained from Reich Poultry Farm (Marietta, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.). All chicks were infected on day 1 prior to feeding. All animals were provided food (Country Egg Producer®, Agway Inc., Syracuse, New York, U.S.A.) and water ad libitum throughout the study. Group A (N = 6) was not infected and served as controls for the study. Chicks in Groups B-D each received 50 metacercarial cysts per os of either E. caproni (Group B, N = 6), E. trivolvis (Group C, N = 6), or E. revolu-
RESEARCH NOTES 257 Table 1. Mean worm recovery, mean percentage of recovery, percentage infected, and range of parasites recovered from chicks infected with Echinostoma caproni (Group B, TV = 6), Echinostoma trivolvis (Group C, N = 6), and Echinostoma revolutum (Group D, N = 6). Uninfected controls are represented by Group A (TV = 6). Group A B C D No. cysts administered 0 50 50 50 Mean no. worms recovered (range) 0(0) 12 (8-20) 8 (0-21) 5 (0-16) turn (Group D, /V = 6). Fecal samples were collected from each infected animal and checked for echinostome eggs daily, starting on day 8 postinfection (PI). Approximately 1 g of feces was emulsified in distilled water and examined by light microscopy. Animals were weighed every 2 d to monitor weight gain in the chicks. Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of all chicks on day 14 PI into tubes containing 0.13 M sodium citrate, refrigerated, and processed within 24 hr. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration were measured and recorded. All chicks (Groups A-D) were necropsied on day 14 PI. The small intestines, ceca, and cloacas were opened, and the location and number of echinostomes in the infected chicks were recorded. Hepatic, splenic, and intestinal tissue samples from all groups were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 48 hr and then dehydrated in a series of graded alcohols, cleared in xylene, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 6 (xm. At necropsy, the relative spleen and liver weights were determined. Infected and control tissues were stained in hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate histopathological effects. The occurrence of immunological cells from the infected and control tissues was also evaluated. Echinostome eggs were first seen in the fecal samples of all chicks from Group B on day 10, of 5 chicks from Group C on day 12, and of 4 chicks from Group D on day 14 PI. All chicks exposed to E. caproni became infected. The number of worms recovered from their intestines ranged from 8 to 20, with a 24% recovery. The number of parasites recovered from Group C ranged from 0 to 21, a 15% recovery. Four of 6 chicks (67%) exposed to E. revolutum cysts were infected, and the numbers of worms recov- Mean percentage of worms recovered 0 24 15 9 Day of first appearance of eggs in feces 0 10 12 14 Percentage of chicks infected 0 100 83 67 ered ranged from 0 to 16, averaging 9%. These data are summarized in Table 1. The locations of the recovered worms from the infected chicks varied according to species. Echinostoma caproni was located in the midthird of the intestine, between the pylorus and the cloaca. Both E. trivolvis and E. revolutum were found toward the end of the intestine near the cloaca, but typically, E. revolutum was found more posteriad than E. trivolvis. No differences were noted between the number of parasites recovered per chick and the location of the worms. Echinostoma caproni tended to be in groups, but single worms were also found. Echinostoma revolutum and E. trivolvis were found singly and in groups. There was no significant weight loss (P > 0.05) in chicks infected with any species of echinostome versus the uninfected (control) group. No differences were seen in liver or spleen weights of the infected chicks versus the control group, nor were there differences in liver or spleen weights between the infected groups. There were no notable differences in either the measured packed cell volume or hemoglobin concentration of the infected chicks compared with the uninfected chicks. Histologically, the liver and spleen tissues of Groups B-D showed no sign of immunological response or damage from the parasites. Damage to the intestinal villi of chicks infected with E. caproni was observed at the site of parasite attachment, villi were atrophic, and the circular musculature was hypertrophied with collagenlike fibers present. There was a proliferation of goblet cells. Hemorrhage occurred at the site of attachment. In chicks infected with E. trivolvis, damage to villi also occurred, with lymphocytic infiltration and goblet cell proliferation but with no hemorrhage noted. The response to E. revo- Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
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Volume 68 July 2001 Number 2 Former
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Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—DEVELOPMENT OF
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length did not exceed 1.2 mm. By da
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Agamidae) from Australia. Journal o
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infection with O. javaensis (C. D.
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
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and Font, 2001), the indication of
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U.S.A. (42°59'N; 88°21'W). Ten to
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Table 2. Prevalence (Pr) and Rana c
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transmission dynamics of these 3 tr
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196 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and
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filariae of S. fallisensis was simi
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CARRENO ET AL.—DEER PARASITES IN
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ange of host species, but most coll
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Oestridae). Canadian Journal of Zoo
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JOY AND TUCKER—SALAMANDER PARASIT
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south-central New York salamanders.
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AGUIRRE-MACEDO ET AL.—ENDOHELMINT
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Table 1. Helminths found in freshwa
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•o d c o U rH CB 3 C8 H °Q 0 W T
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da-Lopez et al., 1985; Leon, 1992;
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especie del genero Goezici Zeder, 1
Page 59 and 60: JALISCO SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—
Page 61 and 62: SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—HELMINTH
Page 63 and 64: Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
Page 71 and 72: tudio helmintologico de Chirostoma
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Page 75 and 76: CURRAN ET AL.—TWO VIETNAMESE SNAK
Page 77 and 78: methods of fixation had not been kn
Page 79 and 80: tion) but were in independent later
Page 81 and 82: tylidae Poche: Part 2. A contributi
Page 83 and 84: KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABDIAS AMBYSTOMAE
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Page 89 and 90: Literature Cited Baker, M. R. 1978.
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Page 113 and 114: , D. Iglesias, and B. Fried. 1986.
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Page 117 and 118: RESEARCH NOTES 263 Table 1. Helmint
Page 121 and 122: RESEARCH NOTES 267 Table 1. Numbers
Page 123 and 124: Kharchenko, V. A., G. M. Dvojnos, a
Page 125 and 126: id s „ ~ 55 **5 | «§ u ' *^ U
Page 127 and 128: (Nematoda). Except for H. tursionis
Page 129 and 130: RESEARCH NOTES 275 Figure 1. Cephal
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Page 141 and 142: Adenomera hylaedactyla, 21 Algansea
Page 143 and 144: Honorary Membership, 282 Life Membe
Page 145 and 146: Schrankiana larvata, 21 Schrankiana
Page 147 and 148: *Edna M. Buhrer "Mildred A. Doss *
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