Comparative Parasitology 68(2) 2001 - Peru State College

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182 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, 68(2), JULY 2001 further to an understanding of the evolution of the Protostrongylidae. The presence of an undescribed species of Ashworthius is also of interest. Species of this genus of the Haemonchiinae have never been reported from hosts in the Western Hemisphere, although both Haernonchus and Mecistocirrus are known in Central and South America. In Africa and Eurasia, species of Ashworthius have been reported from cervids and members of 2 subfamilies of the Bovidae, but not species of Bos (Pike, 1969; Drozdz et al., 1998). The presence of Ashworthius sp. in a wild cervid in the Western Hemisphere may have been the result of introduction and colonization from bovine hosts following European settlement since the 1500s (Hoberg, 1997). The host distribution for this genus and its apparent absence in domestic bovids, however, suggest otherwise. Alternatively, the distribution of Ashworthius spp. in Central America may be relatively archaic, reflecting an extended history with endemic cervids. Historical reconstruction of the biogeography of Ashworthius in the New World is currently hampered by the paucity of survey data regarding parasitism in wild ruminants in Central and South America. Additionally, it is important to note that superficially some species of Ashworthius may resemble and be confused with Haemonchus spp. Conclusions The purpose of parasite inventories is 2-fold. First, the information obtained from parasite faunas can contribute valuable integrative information on our knowledge of the biosphere that serves as an indicator of biodiversity (Brooks and Hoberg, 2000). Secondly, in the case of the white-tailed deer, it is important to develop an understanding of the distribution of potential pathogens of wildlife. Many wildlife pathogens pose a serious threat to global biodiversity and also include several zoonoses (Daszak et al., 2000), and it is thus necessary to assess carefully the global distribution of potentially pathogenic parasites (Hoberg, 1997). The results of this study are an important contribution to biodiversity initiatives in Costa Rica. They have important implications in conservation projects in the region, as some parasites of white-tailed deer, such as P. tennis, may be pathogenic in other, less common endemic hosts such as M. arneri- Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington The uncertainty of species identifications in other reports, such as the amphistome digeneans (Brokx, 1984; Mendez, 1984), demonstrates the need for deposition of suitable voucher specimens in documenting parasite fauna. Are we dealing with a widespread and relatively uniform parasite fauna of white-tailed deer throughout their range, or one that is highly localized depending on habitat? A lack of voucher specimens to confirm identifications, and a lack of sufficient expert taxonomists available to provide those identifications (the taxonomic impediment: Brooks and Hoberg, 2000), prevents us from making such assessments. And such assessments, in turn, are critical for management policy, including game farming, sport hunting, and the interface between wildlands and agroscape. Acknowledgments We thank the scientific and technical staff of the ACG for support of this study, in particular Sigifredo Marin, Roger Blanco, Alejandro Masis, Maria Marta Chavarria, Felipe Chavarria, Guillermo Jimenez, Carolina Cano, Elda Araya, Fredy Quesada, Dunia Garcia, Roberto Espinoza, Elba Lopez, and Petrona Rios. Special thanks to Dr. Dan Janzen, technical adviser to the ACG, and to Calixto Moraga for their timely and accurate assistance. We are also grateful to Dr. Murray Lankester, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada, for advice on necropsy and collection procedures. Funds for this study were provided in part by an operating grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada to D.R.B. Study of tick specimens was funded in part by National Institutes of Health grant Al 40729 to L.A.D. Literature Cited Anderson, R. C. 1963. The incidence, development, and experimental transmission of Pneiunostrongylus tenuis Dougherty (Metastrongyloidea: Protostrongylidae) of the meninges of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus borealis) in Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 41:775-792. . 1964. Neurologic disease in moose infected experimentally with Pneiimostrongyliis tennis from white-tailed deer. Pathologia Veterinaria 1: 289-322. -. 1970. Neurologic disease in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) introduced into Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 49:159-166. Bennett, G. F., and C. W. Sabrosky. 1962. The Ne arctic species of the genus Cephenemyla (Diptera,
Oestridae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 40:431- 448. Bram, R. A., and J. E. George. 2000. Introduction of nonindigenous arthropod pests of animals. Journal of Medical Entomology 37:1-8. Brokx, P. A. 1984. South America. Pages 525-546 in L. K. Halls, ed. White-Tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. Wildlife Management Institute. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 870 pp. Brooks, D. R., and E. P. Hoberg. 2000. Triage for the biosphere: the need and rationale for taxonomic inventories and phylogenetic studies of parasites. Comparative Parasitology 67:1—25. Capelle, K. J. 1971. Myiasis. Pages 279-305 in J. W. Davis and R. C. Anderson, eds. Parasitic Diseases of Wild Mammals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. Carreno, R. A., and E. P. Hoberg. 1999. Evolutionary relationships among the Protostrongylidae (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) as inferred from morphological characters, with consideration of parasite—host coevolution. Journal of Parasitology 85:638-648. , and M. W. Lankester. 1993. Additional information on the morphology of the Elaphostrongylinae (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) of North American Cervidae. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:592-600. Daszak, P., A. A. Cunningham, and A. D. Hyatt. 2000. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife— threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287:443-449. Davidson, W. R., G. L. Doster, and R. C. Freeman. 1996. Parelaphostrongylus tennis on Wassaw Island, Georgia: a result of translocating whitetailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32:701- 703. , F. A. Hayes, V. F. Nettles, and F. E. Kellogg (eds.). 1981. Diseases and Parasites of White- Tailed Deer. Miscellaneous Publication No. 7, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A. 458 pp. Drozdz, J., A. W. Demiaszkiewicz, and J. Lachowicz. 1998. Ashworthius sidemi (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae) a new parasite of the European bison Bison bonasus (L.) and the question of independence of A. gagarini. Acta Parasitologica 43:75- 80. Durden, L. A., and J. E. Keirans. 1996. Nymphs of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: taxonomy, identification key, distribution, hosts, and medical/veterinary importance. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland, U.S.A. 95 pp. , S. Luckhart, G. R. Mullen, and S. Smith. 1991. Tick infestations of white-tailed deer in Alabama. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 27:606-614. Fairchild, G. B., G. M. Kohls, and V. J. Tipton. 1966. The ticks of Panama (Acarina: Ixodoidea). Pages 167-219 in R. L. Wenzel and V. J. Tipton, eds. Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. CARRENO ET AL.—DEER PARASITES IN COSTA RICA 183 Forrester, D. J., and R. L. Rausch. 1990. Cysticerci (Cestoda: Taeniidae) from white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in southern Florida. Journal of Parasitology 76:583-585. Hermans, P., R. H. Dwinger, G. M. Buening, and M. V. Herrero. 1994. Seasonal incidence and hemoparasite infection rates of ixodid ticks (Acari, Ixodidae) detached from cattle in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 42:623-632. Hoberg, E. P. 1996. Emended description of Mazamastrongylus peruvianus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae), with comments on the relationships of the genera Mazamastrongylus and Spiculopteragia. Journal of Parasitology 82:470-477. . 1997. Parasite biodiversity and emerging pathogens: a role for systematics in limiting impacts on genetic resources. Pages 71-83 in K. E. Hoagland and A. Y. Rossman, eds. Global Genetic Resources: Access, Ownership and Intellectual Property Rights. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Jones, E. K., C. M. Clifford, J. E. Keirans, and G. M. Kohls. 1972. The ticks of Venezuela (Acarina: Ixodoidea) with a key to the species of Amblyornma in the western hemisphere. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series 17(4): 1-40. Kennedy, M. J., M. W. Lankester, and J. B. Snider. 1985. Paramphistomum cervi and Paramphistomum liorchis (Digenea: Paramphistomatidae) in moose, Alces alces, from Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:1207-1210. Krogdahl, D. W., J. P. Thilstead, and S. K. Olsen. 1987. Ataxia and hypermetria caused by Parelaphostrongylus tennis infection in llamas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 190:191-193. Lankester, M. W., and D. Fong. 1989. Distribution of elaphostrongyline nematodes (Metastrongyloidea: Protostrongylidae) in Cervidae and possible effects of moving Rangifer spp. into and within North America. Alces 25:133-145. Maa, T. C. 1963. Genera and species of Hippoboscidae (Diptera): types, synonymy, habitats and natural groupings. Pacific Insects Monograph 6:1- 186. Mendez, E. 1984. Mexico and Central America. Pages 513-524 in L. K. Halls, ed. White-Tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. Wildlife Management Institute. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 870 pp. Miller, M. W., and E. T. Thorne. 1993. Captive cervids as potential sources of disease for North America's wild cervid populations: avenues, implications, and preventive management. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 58:460-467. Montes-Perez, R. C., R. I. Rodriguez-Vivas, J. F. de J. Torres-Acosta, and L. G. Ek-Pech. 1998. Seguimiento anual de la parasitosis gastrointestinal de venados cola blanca Odocoileus virginianus (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) en cautiverio en Yucatan, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 46:821-827. Nettles, V. F. 1981. Necropsy procedures. Pages 6-16 Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
Page 1 and 2: Volume 68 July 2001 Number 2 Former
Page 3 and 4: Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
Page 5 and 6: CRISCIONE AND FONT—DEVELOPMENT OF
Page 7 and 8: length did not exceed 1.2 mm. By da
Page 9 and 10: Agamidae) from Australia. Journal o
Page 11 and 12: infection with O. javaensis (C. D.
Page 13 and 14: CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
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Page 17 and 18: and Font, 2001), the indication of
Page 19 and 20: U.S.A. (42°59'N; 88°21'W). Ten to
Page 21 and 22: Table 2. Prevalence (Pr) and Rana c
Page 23 and 24: transmission dynamics of these 3 tr
Page 25 and 26: 196 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and
Page 29 and 30: filariae of S. fallisensis was simi
Page 33 and 34: CARRENO ET AL.—DEER PARASITES IN
Page 35: ange of host species, but most coll
Page 41 and 42: JOY AND TUCKER—SALAMANDER PARASIT
Page 43 and 44: south-central New York salamanders.
Page 45 and 46: AGUIRRE-MACEDO ET AL.—ENDOHELMINT
Page 51 and 52: Table 1. Helminths found in freshwa
Page 53 and 54: •o d c o U rH CB 3 C8 H °Q 0 W T
Page 55 and 56: da-Lopez et al., 1985; Leon, 1992;
Page 57 and 58: especie del genero Goezici Zeder, 1
Page 59 and 60: JALISCO SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—
Page 61 and 62: SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—HELMINTH
Page 63 and 64: Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
Page 71 and 72: tudio helmintologico de Chirostoma
Page 75 and 76: CURRAN ET AL.—TWO VIETNAMESE SNAK
Page 77 and 78: methods of fixation had not been kn
Page 79 and 80: tion) but were in independent later
Page 81 and 82: tylidae Poche: Part 2. A contributi
Page 83 and 84: KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABDIAS AMBYSTOMAE
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KUZMIN ET AL.—RHABDIAS AMBYSTOMAE
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Literature Cited Baker, M. R. 1978.
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Figure 1. Spores of Myxobolus gibbo
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CONE—DIAGNOSIS OF MYXOBOLUS 239 F
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Literature Cited Cone, D. K., and R
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G1BLIN-DAVIS ET AL.—CUTICULAR CHA
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- GIBLIN-DAVIS ET AL.—CUTICULAR C
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GIBLIN-DAVIS ET AL.—CUTICULAR CHA
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Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 2
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PAOLA AND DAMBORENEA—TEGUMENT OF
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RESEARCH NOTES 257 Table 1. Mean wo
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, D. Iglesias, and B. Fried. 1986.
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most being found in segment 4 (jeju
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RESEARCH NOTES 263 Table 1. Helmint
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RESEARCH NOTES 267 Table 1. Numbers
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Kharchenko, V. A., G. M. Dvojnos, a
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id s „ ~ 55 **5 | «§ u ' *^ U
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(Nematoda). Except for H. tursionis
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RESEARCH NOTES 275 Figure 1. Cephal
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c Tj ;^ fn in ON o m ON "3 s ON gcd
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ticeps (Rudolphi, 1819), which also
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Nieto reviewed recent advances in t
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Adenomera hylaedactyla, 21 Algansea
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Honorary Membership, 282 Life Membe
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Schrankiana larvata, 21 Schrankiana
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*Edna M. Buhrer "Mildred A. Doss *
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