Comparative Parasitology 68(2) 2001 - Peru State College

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270 COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY, 68(2), JULY 2001 The green frog Rana clamitans Rafmesque, 1820, occurs from Newfoundland, where the population was introduced (Conant and Collins, 1991), to western Ontario, Canada, in the northern extent of its range and from North Carolina to eastern Oklahoma, U.S.A. in the south (Vogt, 1981). Although reports of green frog parasites are numerous, only 3 studies have been conducted in Wisconsin, U.S.A. (Williams and Taft, 1980; Coggins and Sajdak, 1982; Bolek, 1998). A total of 26 green frogs were collected by hand between 13 August and 3 September 1999 from 2 temporary ponds at the University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee Field Station, Ozaukee County, Wisconsin (43°23'N; 88°2'W). Frogs were transported to the laboratory and euthanized in MS-222 (ethyl m-aminobenzoate sulfonic acid). Body surface, mouth, eustachian tubes, celom, lungs, stomach, small intestine, colon, urinary bladder, liver, kidneys, and leg musculature in individual containers were examined with a dissecting microscope for the presence of helminth parasites. Nematodes were preserved in 70% ethanol and mounted in glycerin for identification. Larval and adult platyhelminths were fixed in alcohol-formalin-acetic acid, stained with acetic carmine, and mounted in Canada balsam. Voucher specimens were deposited at the H. W. Manter Helminth Collection, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska (Table 1). Use of ecological terms follows the suggestions of Bush et al. (1997). All host individuals were infected with 1 or more helminths (prevalence = 100%). The component community of green frogs consisted of 11 helminth species: 7 trematodes, 2 cestodes, and 2 nematodes (Table 1). Overall mean abundance of helminths was 65.5 ± 79.7 worms per frog (range = 1—330). Haematoloechus varioplexus occurred with highest mean abundance, mean intensity, and prevalence of infection (Table 1). Nematodes occurred in low numbers and in few hosts (Table 1). Adult green frogs breed in a variety of permanent bodies of water (May-July in Wisconsin) and inhabit the periphery of these aquatic habitats throughout the summer (Vogt, 1981). During this time, adult frogs feed upon a variety of animals, including several species of insects with aquatic life histories (Jenssen and Klimstra, 1966). Whereas green frogs are known to migrate prior to hibernation, they are thought to seek out aquatic habitats that are well oxygenated and do not freeze entirely in winter (Lamoureux and Madison, 1999). The ponds sampled in the present study are Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington ephemeral. Even in years when some water remains over winter, these ponds freeze solid. The green frogs that we collected seem to have moved into these ponds as a place to feed prior to hibernating in other areas. The species composition and numbers of helminths in green frog infracommunities at this location were similar to those reported previously (Rankin, 1945; Bouchard, 1951; Najarian, 1955; Campbell, 1968; Williams and Taft, 1980; Coggins and Sajdak, 1982; Muzzall, 1991; McAlpine, 1997; Bolek, 1998; McAlpine and Burt, 1998). The aquatic habitat and diet of green frogs correspond with helminth communities consisting mostly of platyhelminths with indirect life cycles and relatively few direct life cycle nematodes. In the present study, H. varioplexus occurred with the highest values of prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance. These values are also high compared with those reported in previous studies. Muzzall (1991) reported 57% of 120 green frogs infected with H. parviplexus, synonymous with H. varioplexus (Kennedy, 1981), with a mean intensity of 29. Najarian (1955) reported 48% of 40 green frogs infected with H. parviplexus and 42% prevalence for H. breviplexus but did not provide values for intensity or abundance of infection. Bolek (1998) reported a prevalence of 44% for H. varioplexus from 75 green frogs with a mean intensity of 5.3. Others have reported prevalence values of 25% or less for Haematoloechus spp. from R. clamitans (Rankin, 1945; Bouchard, 1951; Campbell, 1968; Williams and Taft, 1980; Mc- Alpine and Burt, 1998). Haematoloechus varioplexus has been reported previously from wood frogs (Rana sylvatica Le Conte, 1825) and spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer Wied, 1839) from the same ponds sampled in the current study (Yoder and Coggins, 1996). It is therefore likely that infected intermediate hosts are present in these ponds. Additionally, large numbers of immature H. varioplexus were recovered from green frogs, indicating that hosts are being infected while feeding at these locations. Odonates serve as second intermediate hosts for species of Haematoloechus. Muzzall (1991) reported that the absence of fish predators may have increased the number of adult odonates emerging from Turkey Marsh, Michigan, U.S.A., resulting in richer helminth communities than those occurring in habitats where both frogs and fish occur. The absence of fish from these ephemeral ponds may have had a similar result in terms of high values of parasitism by H. vario-
id s „ ~ 55 **5 | «§ u ' *^ U £ .. 'i> GO •J) ,c e _£ D d Z Helminth species (accession no.) rrn J si I (N O ON £ eg GO s H 5 •ematoda 9Haematoloechi Mature Immature fc-i S en m .• ^ + 1 +1 CM NO in t~~ ^ 00 — 1 1 C- Cin NO in — • + 1 +1 NO OO C*"i ON r-- (N O ON 00 NO J J in r- ON t — 0 o-, ID O C*~l ON ^ r- d +1 +1 CO (N (N O NO S fo 1 ^^ C- CN 1 (N rt 00 O +1 +1 CN O T)- (N NO r~- ^j- [ — 00 H J E m NO — T 00 ON oo J "H in Lri '.frici/i- Thomas, 1939 (HWML Glypthelmins quieta Stafford, 1900 (HWML 1 Gorgoderina bilobata Rankin, 1937 (HWML Megalodiscus temperatus Stafford, 1905 (HWI Clinostomum sp. Leidy, 1856 (HWML 15382) Metacercariat sstoda Proteocephalus sp. Weinland, 1858 (HWML 1 Mesocestoides sp. Vaillant, 1863 (HWML 153 ematoda Oswaldocruzia / npiens Walton, 1929 (HWML Cosmocercoides sp. Wilkie, 1930 (HWML 15:
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Volume 68 July 2001 Number 2 Former
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Comp. Parasitol. 68(2), 2001, pp. 1
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—DEVELOPMENT OF
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length did not exceed 1.2 mm. By da
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Agamidae) from Australia. Journal o
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infection with O. javaensis (C. D.
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
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CRISCIONE AND FONT—VARIATION OF O
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and Font, 2001), the indication of
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U.S.A. (42°59'N; 88°21'W). Ten to
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Table 2. Prevalence (Pr) and Rana c
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transmission dynamics of these 3 tr
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196 in G. W. Esch, A. O. Bush, and
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filariae of S. fallisensis was simi
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CARRENO ET AL.—DEER PARASITES IN
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ange of host species, but most coll
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Oestridae). Canadian Journal of Zoo
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JOY AND TUCKER—SALAMANDER PARASIT
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south-central New York salamanders.
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AGUIRRE-MACEDO ET AL.—ENDOHELMINT
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Table 1. Helminths found in freshwa
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•o d c o U rH CB 3 C8 H °Q 0 W T
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da-Lopez et al., 1985; Leon, 1992;
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especie del genero Goezici Zeder, 1
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JALISCO SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—
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SALGADO-MALDONADO ET AL.—HELMINTH
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Table 3. Continued. Number of hosts
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tudio helmintologico de Chirostoma
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Page 77 and 78: methods of fixation had not been kn
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Page 89 and 90: Literature Cited Baker, M. R. 1978.
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Page 117 and 118: RESEARCH NOTES 263 Table 1. Helmint
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Page 135 and 136: ticeps (Rudolphi, 1819), which also
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Page 141 and 142: Adenomera hylaedactyla, 21 Algansea
Page 143 and 144: Honorary Membership, 282 Life Membe
Page 145 and 146: Schrankiana larvata, 21 Schrankiana
Page 147 and 148: *Edna M. Buhrer "Mildred A. Doss *
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