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of that time). Violet is a penitential colour ; it is used
on all the Sundays of Advent, on Septuagesima, Sexa-
gesima and Quinquagesima Sunday and the Sundays
in Lent, as also at all penitential offices. Black denotes
mourning and sadness ; it is used at the morning office
on Good Friday, and at all the offices for the dead.
All the vestments worn in the celebration of Mass must
be blessed by the bishop or by a priest whom he has
authorised to do so.
Pontifical Vestments. In addition to these vestments,
a bishop when saying Mass wears : ist. Buskins and
sandals of the colour appointed for the day. 2nd. The
pectoral cross of gold
which he wears on his breast.
In this cross is enclosed a relic of the true Cross or of
the saints. 3rd. The short tunics which represent the
tunic of the sub-deacon and the dalmatic of the dea
con as they were worn in ancient times. 4th. The
gloves, a mark of his dignity and symbolic of the res
pect due to sacred things. 5th. The ring, emblem of
the spiritual espousals which the bishop has con
tracted with his diocesan church. 6th. The mitre, a head
dress or crown of some rich material embroidered in
gold. yth. The crozier, or staff in gold or silver gilt
held by the bishop during the sacred ceremonies ; it is
symbolic of his spiritual power. All these vestments
are called by the generic term of pontificals (pontifica
lia) or vestments for the use of pontiffs.
Over the chasuble, archbishops wear the pallium
or band of white wool ornamented with several crosses
of black silk. This band is worn across the shoulders,
one end on the breast, the other on the back. Some
bishops also have the privilege of wearing the pallium,
but archbishops and bishops alike must receive ;
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from the hands of the Pope himself, by whom it is