Pro S. Roscio Amerino

INTRODUCTION. 5
§ 2. The Political Situation at the time of the Speech.
Cicero's speech in defence of Sextus Eoscius was the first
oration delivered by him in a state or criminal trial (causa
publica). Eoscius was charged -vvith parricide, and -n-as
tried before the murder court in 80_b.c., during the
dictatorship of Sulla, when Cicero was 2§ years of age.
The proscription lists had been closed ancrrnost of Sulla's
legislative work had been done, since in the following year
he resigned the dictatorship. But the terror of the Sullan
massacres still held its grip upon Eome.
By his victory at the Colline G-ate (October 27th, 82 b.c.)
Sulla terminated for a time the long coniiict between the
Conservatives and the Democrats. SuUa and the aristocrats
were now masters of Italy, and their champion
set himself to the task of breaking down the influence of
the middle-class party and re-establishing the old aristocratic
coustitution. The means he employed were organised
assassination followed by partisan legislation. He began
by ordering, the day after his victory, the massacre of
6,000 prisoners. He then had lists of his euemies written
on whitened tablets and posted up in the Forum. The
men whose names were on the lists were said to be proscribed
{proscripti) , and the word " proscription," which
had hitherto meant " a public notice of sale " or at most a
" confiscation " of property, was from this time used in the
more terrible signification of " outlawry."
By a Lex Cornelia de 'prnsr.riptiqtfi^f (which was merely a
lex data or ma.gisfprial nrrlinaTip-e , and was not brgught
befoi-e the p^ o p le^ SuUa made certain regulations concern-
ing_ the proscribed. They were declared to be ene.iiiies
of the State ; even near relatives were forbidden to shelter
them uncler pain of death ; their^hildren and grandchildren
were excluded from ofl&(ig.^d from, a place in the ^mate
their property was confiscated to the State ; finally, a
reward of 12,000 denarii was offered to anyime who killed
an " outlaw." The work of murder was dHigently pursued,
not only by assassins (sicarii) and by the dregs
of the populace, whose only thought v/as for the reward,
but also by men of good position who desired private
revenge or coveted the goods of a neighbour. The