Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) - USDA - aphis

Jeffrey N. L. Stibick
Parasites and Predators - TABLE 2
5. Impacts of introduced parasites on nontarget organisms (Duan &
Messing, 1977)
The solution to the first two problems is comparatively simple:
augment the numbers of parasitoids at critical times and places and
use the technique in conjunction with other controls, notably sterile
release. (Sivinski, 1996)
The third problem may be partly addressed by employing parasites,
especially late instar or pupal parasites, which forage extensively over
fallen/broken fruit or even enters damaged fruit crack and crawls
through the pulp. Again, such parasites should be augmented.
(Sivinski, 1996)
The fourth problem may be addressed by employing non-diapausing
parasites or to avoid exposing parasites to stimuli eliciting diapause or
selecting lines that reduce incidence of diapause. (Aluja, et al., 1998)
The fifth problem has been shown to be partly non-existant by Duan &
Messing (1977, 2000), who demonstrated that in Hawaii, at least, such
parasites had no harmful effect on flowerhead-infesting fruit flies and
probably limited effect on gall-forming and other groups of tephritids.
The usefulness of certain particularly effective predators should also
not be overlooked, especially if one can be obtained and released in
large numbers.
In addition, certain newer techniques, such as augmentative releases
of parasites, selected specific predators, and biopesticides, such as
those listed in Table 1, may well bring the pest population down to
noneconomic levels if carefully planned.
Table 2 lists the known parasites and predators of the fruit pest
species of the Tephritidae. They are given under the Tephritid species
involved, with such notes from the literature that are available. While
an effort has been made to keep up with the literature regarding
synonymous names, there is no guarantee that these names will still
apply to the parasite or predator in question.
Limitations to this list include restrictions on the number of citations
given for each parasite or predator, since a repeat of citations serve no
useful purpose. Generally, a citation would have to add some useful
information or fact about a given parasite or predator. Also, if
parasitoid guilds were mentioned without the fruit fly host, this would
lead to a painstaking task to determine the correct species/host
relationship and this task has been avoided. Other, more specific
references may fill in this gap.
3-12 Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies 02/2004-01
PPQ