Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) - USDA - aphis
Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) - USDA - aphis
Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) - USDA - aphis
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Jeffrey N. L. Stibick<br />
Classical Biological Control<br />
This paper provides, as far as is possible, the natural enemies <strong>of</strong> fruit<br />
flies throughout the World. It is limited to fruit pest species, as<br />
opposed to leaf, stem and root pest species, following White and<br />
Elson-Harris, 1992.<br />
Classical Biological Control<br />
A basic premise <strong>of</strong> classical biological control is that the target pest<br />
will be brought under some degree <strong>of</strong> control while nontarget<br />
organisms are not affected. To do this, the introduced bio-control<br />
agent must be relatively host specific.<br />
Often, this can only be determined after release <strong>of</strong> the agent into the<br />
environment.To remedy this dilemma, lab studies attempt to<br />
determine the physiological host range <strong>of</strong> the agent in order to predict<br />
the ecological host range as well. This does not always work when<br />
nontarget possible hosts are exposed to the agent under the confined<br />
circumstances <strong>of</strong> the lab. Many conditions in the outside environment<br />
determine which possible hosts are attacked, such as spatial or<br />
temporal overlap, host ranges and/or substrates <strong>of</strong> target and<br />
nontarget species, temperature and humidity, tolerances, and others.<br />
(Solter, et al, 1997; Hajek, et al, 1996)<br />
To the extent possible, biocontrol agents should be carefully<br />
considered for their possible impact on nontarget organisms. Some<br />
general rules are as follows:<br />
A. Predators are usually more generalist than parasites.<br />
B. The known host specificity <strong>of</strong> an agent, including information<br />
on behavior <strong>of</strong> related taxa.<br />
C. Selection and release <strong>of</strong> agents known to be host specific or<br />
attack only closely related non-target species.<br />
To this end, information on the available Biological Control organisms<br />
are given in table form to allow comparisons between different<br />
Tephritid species as a decision-making tool, and to help in the<br />
selection <strong>of</strong> the best combination <strong>of</strong> useful biological control agents.<br />
Microorganisms/microbial toxins - TABLE 1<br />
Table 1 lists the micoorganisms/micobial toxins used against the fruit<br />
flies species listed therein. Biological Modes are given separately<br />
under each species. The Products or Microbiol Pesticides<br />
(Biopesticides), are consecutively numbered under each Biological<br />
02/2004-01 <strong>Natural</strong> <strong>Enemies</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>True</strong> <strong>Fruit</strong> <strong>Flies</strong> 3-3<br />
PPQ