THE ROLE OF THE

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Membranes and Hydrogen Storage Devices 161 FIgure 11.1 Typical representation of carbon in graphite form. 5–100 um FIgure 11.2 Diameters of carbon nanotubes. 5–100 nm hydrogen is 0.35 Å; an H 2 molecule is only slightly larger than 2.6 Å and thus is just large enough to take up residence within these nanotubes [1]. The amount of hydrogen that can be stored on these tubes has been debated. One report shows that maximum storage capacity for a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) [7] and multiwalled carbon nanotubes [8] is approximately 8% by weight [9]. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are a collection of concentric single-walled nanotubes [10] versus the one-dimensional single-walled tubes [11]. SWCNTs have very high surface-to-volume ratios as well as uniform pores, which allow for capillary action and thus the ability to be filled by condensation. Adsorption on the interior surface of the tubes can take place. At high temperatures, hydrogen gas condenses to a liquid deep within the tubes, squeezing between the carbon nanotube plates and thus decreasing their vibration activity; this allows for greater compression [1]. To get the hydrogen into the fuel cell, a vacuum is pulled and the tube heated to 900°C. When hydrogen is inserted into the tube, a pressure of 12,000 kPa is used [1]. A pressure of 4,000 kPa must be maintained to keep the H 2 in place in the cell [1].
162 The Role of the Chemist in Automotive Design table 11.1 Fuel cell manufacturers and vehicle data Fuel cell manufacturer range (mi/km) maximum speed Fuel type Ballard 220 km 175 km/h Gaseous hydrogen UTC 180 mi/300 km 140 mph Gasoline/liquid hydrogen Toyota 75 mi/120 km 65 mph/105 km/h Compress hydrogen at 3600 psi Ballard 81 mi/130 km 56 mph/90 km/h Compress hydrogen at 4300 psi Ballard 155 mi/250 km 68 mph/110 km/h Compress hydrogen at 3600 psi 250 mi/400 km 75 mph/120 km/h 10.5 gal of liquid methanol 280 mi/400 km 90 mph/145 km/h Liquid hydrogen Fuel cell automaker vehicle type engine type size/type Audi A2 Fuel-cell/battery 66 kW/ hybrid PEM BMW Series (745 h) ICE (fuel-cell 5 kW/ (Sedan) APU) PEM Daihatsu Move FCV-K II Fuel-cell/battery 30 kW/ (minivehicle) hybrid PEM Daimler– NECAR 1 (180 12 fuel cell 50 kW/ Chrysler van) stacks PEM NECAR 2 Fuel cell 50 kW/ (V-Class) PEM NECAR 3 Two fuel-cell 50 kW/ (A-Class) stacks PEM NECAR 4 Fuel cell 70 kW/ (A-Class) PEM 118 mi/190 km N/A Methanol Ballard Mark 700 series Ballard Mark 900 series Ballard Mark 700 series 50 kW/ PEM Fuel-cell/ (90 kW) battery hybrid 124 mi/200 km 90 mph/145 km/h 4 lb of compressed hydrogen at 5000 psi Ballard Mark 900 series Fuel cell 85 kW/ PEM Jeep Commander 2 (SUV) NECAR 4 Advanced (California NECAR) 280 mi/450 km 95 mph/150 km/h Methanol Ballard Mark 900 series Fuel cell 85 kW/ PEM NECAR 5 (A-class)
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THE ROLE OF THE CHEMIST IN AUTOMOTI
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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Contents Preface...................
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Contents ix 6.6 Thermal Properties
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Contents xi 11.4 Glass Microspheres
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The Author Herman Phlegm was born i
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2 The Role of the Chemist in Automo
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10 The Role of the Chemist in Autom
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3 3.1 IntroductIon Component Materi
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Component Materials in Automobiles
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6 6.1 IntroductIon Engineering Poly
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Engineering and Structural Polymers
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100 The Role of the Chemist in Auto
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Page 128 and 129: 8 8.1 IntroductIon Seal and Gasket
Page 130 and 131: Seal and Gasket Design 113 table 8.
Page 132 and 133: Seal and Gasket Design 115 The main
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Page 140 and 141: Seal and Gasket Design 123 F F F F
Page 142 and 143: Seal and Gasket Design 125 R R O ma
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Page 207 and 208: 190 Index Carbon dioxide emissions,
Page 209 and 210: 192 Index heat exchanger designatio
Page 211 and 212: 194 Index Power train, 95 Power tra
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THE ROLE OF THE

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