THE ROLE OF THE

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Developing Technology 177 economy—no intermediates are produced in the reaction and conversion to methylester is direct. The reaction takes place at 150°F at a pressure of 20 psi [14]. A fat or oil is reacted with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce glycerin and methylester or biodiesel [13]. Typically, the catalyst is NaOH or KOH in a methanol solution [13]. Product and reactant amounts are shown in Table 12.2. The products produced from the reaction show that 100% of the yield is utilized. The efficiency of this process is what makes it the best choice for the manufacture of biodiesel. Production of biodiesel fuel in the United States since 1999 is shown in Table 12.3 [13]; it is expected to grow in the coming years. Biodiesel has completed the health effects testing requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act and is legally registered with the Environmental Protection Agency as a legal motor fuel for sale and distribution within the United States. Biodiesel is technically defined as monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats conforming to ASTM D6751 specifications [13]. Blends are denoted as “BXX”; XX indicates the percentage of biodiesel contained within the blend. As we go forward, it is up to today’s automotive chemist to work to develop efficient processes such as these in order to maintain our environment as well as to remain competitive in a global market. table 12.2 Products and reactants in biodiesel reactant (%) Product (%) Alcohol (12) Alcohol (4) Catalyst (1) Glycerin (1) Oil (87) Fertilizer (9) Methylester (86) table 12.3 biodiesel Production in the united states quantity (gal) year 250 Million 2006 75 Million 2005 25 Million 2004 20 Million 2003 15 Million 2002 5 Million 2001 2 Million 2000 0.5 Million 1999
178 The Role of the Chemist in Automotive Design 12.4 battery tecHnologIes Much of the success of the new hybrid, flex fuel, and electric vehicle technologies depends on the chemical knowledge of current and future engineers and chemists. This is shown best in the successful implementation of battery technology. General Motors executives have stated that battery technology will have a large role in determining the impact of hybrid and electric vehicles [15]. Lithium ion technology will be utilized on the GM’s Volt concept. Suppliers to the OEM are Compact Power, which uses manganese oxide-based cells made by LG Chemical, and Continental Automotive, which uses nanophosphate cells made by A123 Systems [16,17]. Expected life of the lithium ion batteries is 10 years. 12.5 lItHIum Ion battery With lithium ion battery (or Li-ion) technology, a lithium ion moves between the cathode and the anode in a rechargeable system. When the system is charging, the lithium ion moves from the cathode to the anode, and when the system discharges, the lithium ion moves from the anode to the cathode. Lithium ion batteries have excellent energy-to-weight ratios, along with a slow loss of charge when they are not in use; these make them good candidates for automotive applications. Various materials are used for production of the three main components of a lithium ion battery. Research and development of these materials is where the automotive chemist is severely needed. The main components of the battery are the electrolyte, cathode, and anode. For the cost imperative, graphite is used most often in the anode. The cathode is typically a layered lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium manganese oxide. Other materials, such as TiS 2, have been used [18]. Of course, properties vary depending on the choice of anode, cathode, electrolyte, etc. Lithium batteries were first made in the 1970s by the Exxon Corporation [19]. These first batteries contained metallic lithium used at the anode, which presented safety issues. Lithium ion batteries are considered to be secondary batteries (rechargeable) that contain different layers of anode material. It was not until the development of the graphite anode that lithium ions became feasible. The cathode material that was utilized in these batteries was spinel, which is a mineral with the formula XY 2O 4. The class of minerals was named after the magnesium variant or spinel (MgAl 2O 4). This family of compounds also includes gahnite (ZnAl 2O 4), franklinite ((Fe,Mn) 2O 4), chromite ((Fe,Mg)Cr 2O 4), and magnetite (Fe 3O 4). They crystallize in a cubic close-packed lattice crystal system; the cations occupy the octahedral and tetrahedral sites in the lattice. Because the spinel material will lose some properties over time, battery chemists have made some modifications to alleviate losses. For lithium ion batteries, the half reactions are Anode: + − xLi + xe + C↔Li C 6 x 6 Cathode: LiCoO ↔ Li CoO + xLi + xe 2 1−x2 + −
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THE ROLE OF THE CHEMIST IN AUTOMOTI
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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Contents Preface...................
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Contents ix 6.6 Thermal Properties
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Contents xi 11.4 Glass Microspheres
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The Author Herman Phlegm was born i
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2 The Role of the Chemist in Automo
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3 3.1 IntroductIon Component Materi
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Component Materials in Automobiles
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6 6.1 IntroductIon Engineering Poly
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Engineering and Structural Polymers
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8 8.1 IntroductIon Seal and Gasket
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Seal and Gasket Design 113 table 8.
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Seal and Gasket Design 115 The main
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Seal and Gasket Design 117 Properti
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Seal and Gasket Design 119 table 8.
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Seal and Gasket Design 123 F F F F
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Seal and Gasket Design 125 R R O ma
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