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Onto.PT: Towards the Automatic Construction of a Lexical Ontology ...

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Contents<br />

Chapter 1: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />

1.1 Research Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4<br />

1.2 Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

1.3 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />

1.4 Outline <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>sis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7<br />

Chapter 2: Background Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9<br />

2.1 <strong>Lexical</strong> Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10<br />

2.1.1 Relational Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10<br />

2.1.2 Semantic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11<br />

2.2 <strong>Lexical</strong> Knowledge Formalisms and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />

2.2.1 Representation <strong>of</strong> Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14<br />

2.2.2 Thesauri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15<br />

2.2.3 <strong>Lexical</strong> Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15<br />

2.2.4 <strong>Lexical</strong> <strong>Onto</strong>logies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />

2.2.5 The Generative Lexicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<br />

2.3 Information Extraction from Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />

2.3.1 Tasks in Information Extraction from Text . . . . . . . . . . . 21<br />

2.3.2 Information Extraction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22<br />

2.4 Remarks on this section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />

2.4.1 Knowledge representation in our work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24<br />

2.4.2 Information Extraction techniques in our work . . . . . . . . . 24<br />

Chapter 3: Related Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

3.1 <strong>Lexical</strong> Knowledge Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

3.1.1 Popular <strong>Lexical</strong> Knowledge Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

3.1.2 Portuguese <strong>Lexical</strong> Knowledge Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />

3.2 <strong>Lexical</strong>-Semantic Information Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />

3.2.1 Information Extraction from Electronic Dictionaries . . . . . . 39<br />

3.2.2 Information Extraction from Textual Corpora . . . . . . . . . 44<br />

3.3 Enrichment and Integration <strong>of</strong> <strong>Lexical</strong> Knowledge Bases . . . . . . . 53<br />

3.4 Remarks on this section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />

Chapter 4: Acquisition <strong>of</strong> Semantic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57<br />

4.1 Semantic relations from definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58<br />

4.2 A large lexical network for Portuguese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60<br />

4.2.1 About <strong>the</strong> dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61<br />

4.2.2 Definitions format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

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