Onto.PT: Towards the Automatic Construction of a Lexical Ontology ...

List of Figures
2.1 Entry for the word dictionary in the LDOCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Meaning representation 1: logical predicates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Meaning representation 2: directed graph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 Meaning representation 3: semantic frame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 Some of the entries for the word thesaurus in Thesaurus.com. . . . . 16
2.6 Entries for the word canto in TeP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7 A term-based lexical network with the neighbours of the word rock
in a corpus (from Dorow (2006)). This word might refer to a stone
or to a kind of music. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.8 A term-based lexical network with relations where banco is one of the
arguments (from PAPEL 2.0 (Gonçalo Oliveira et al., 2010b)). In
Portuguese, besides other meanings, banco might refer to a bench/stool
or to a financial institution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.9 Example of a taxonomy of animals, adapted from Cruse (1986). . . . 18
2.10 Conceptual graph, from http://www.jfsowa.com (September 2012). 18
2.11 Qualia structure for the noun novel (from Pustejovsky (1991)). . . . . 20
3.1 Synsets with the word bird in Princeton WordNet 3.0, and the first
direct hyponyms of the first sense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 Ten top-weighted paths from bird to parrot in Mindnet. . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 The frame transportation and two of its subframes, in FrameNet (from
Baker et al. (1998)). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Simplified VerbNet entry for the Hit-18.1 class, from
http://verbs.colorado.edu/∼mpalmer/projects/verbnet.html
(September 2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1 Onto.PT construction approach diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 Extraction of semantic relations from dictionary definitions. . . . . . 60
4.3 Number of tb-triples according to the source dictionary, including the
intersections of those extracted from each pair of dictionaries and, in
the center, those extracted from all the three dictionaries. . . . . . . . 65
4.4 Number of lemmas in the tb-triples extracted from each dictionary,
including the intersections of lemmas extracted from each pair of
dictionaries and, in the center, the number of lemmas extracted from
the three dictionaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5 Lexical network where ambiguity arises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.1 A graph and its corresponding representation as an adjacency matrix. 81
5.2 Clustering matrix C after normalisation and resulting fuzzy sets. . . 82
5.3 Weighted synonymy network and resulting fuzzy synsets. . . . . . . . 85