WiMax Operator's Manual
WiMax Operator's Manual
WiMax Operator's Manual
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132 CHAPTER 6 ■ BEYOND ACCESS<br />
IP in its basic form is a pure packet protocol, which requires using a router or packet<br />
switch. This is a device that transmits packets (that is, discrete and discontinuous sequences of<br />
data) as capacity becomes available in the network. During periods of congestion, packets are<br />
held in buffers until an opportunity to transmit presents itself. Packets themselves are of variable<br />
length, and the number of bits in each packet will vary according to network conditions.<br />
By packetizing a signal rather than transmitting it in a continuous stream over an open circuit,<br />
the router tends to use bandwidth much more efficiently than a circuit switch. A switch<br />
must hold a circuit open even when a delay in the data stream occurs, while a packet router will<br />
allow other traffic to occupy the open bandwidth. Such mingling of various messages within<br />
the same channel tends to degrade transmissions that require the maintenance of precise timing<br />
such as voice and particularly video, however, and this is the penalty that packet networks<br />
customarily exact upon the user.<br />
Each packet is provided with an address to enable the router receiving the transmission to<br />
sort out the various messages. This address is quite distinct from the uniform resource locator<br />
(URL), or Web address, and is normally unseen by the subscriber. In essence, it is the province<br />
of the router and is utilized to plot routing paths. Since the supply of Internet addresses provided<br />
by the dominant IP 4 is not inexhaustible, the usual practice is for a broadband network<br />
to obtain a few permanent IP addresses, which interface with the outside world, and rely on<br />
internal addresses to communicate with subscribers from the base station. The permanent IP<br />
addresses are also known as global addresses because the entire universe of Internet routers<br />
can see them, and the internal addresses are called local addresses. The outside party communicating<br />
with the subscriber ordinarily sees only the permanent address and not the address<br />
assigned to the individual user. Network address translation (NAT) from a global to a local<br />
address takes place within a router maintained in the central office.<br />
In some cases, particularly important customers such as large enterprises or government<br />
agencies will be assigned permanent IP addresses, and indeed many will insist on this prerogative.<br />
The wireless network operator planning to solicit such customers should be aware of<br />
their requirements in this regard and should obtain a sufficient number of addresses to accommodate<br />
them.<br />
Another method of dealing with a shortage of Internet addresses is Dynamic Host Control<br />
Protocol (DHCP), which distributes addresses on a dynamic basis among subscribers. The<br />
whole process takes place transparently and automatically. A global Internet address is<br />
“leased” to a user for a predetermined length of time, which could be as short as the trans-<br />
mission itself or weeks or months. DHCP is really a form of oversubscription, or statistical<br />
multiplexing, enabling the network operator to get by with less than a single address per user<br />
on the theory that all users will never be online simultaneously.<br />
DHCP is usually administered from a separate server, not from the router itself, and the<br />
addresses themselves will normally be assigned to enterprise users who would probably own<br />
internal routers of their own.<br />
Incidentally, IP 6, which has not been widely adopted yet in the United States, has an<br />
address space sufficiently wide enough that no shortage of addresses is anticipated even if separate<br />
devices within the network such as computer peripherals and smart appliances are<br />
assigned their own addresses. Whether the computing community at large will ever embrace<br />
IP 6 remains to be seen.