WiMax Operator's Manual

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CHAPTER 1 ■ WIRELESS BROADBAND AND THE STANDARDS GOVERNING IT 9 array to lock on a reflected signal that has described several reflections off intervening masonry walls. Whatever part of the spectrum one chooses to inhabit, wireless broadband is hard to employ in large cities with a lot of tall buildings. (Sometimes a wireless link makes sense, however, which is covered in later chapters.) Wireless broadband has been deployed with greater success in smaller cities and suburbs, both because the markets are less competitive and because the geography is generally more favorable. The first point is fairly obvious; secondary and tertiary markets are far less likely to obtain comprehensive fiber builds or even massive DSL deployments because the potential customer base is relatively small and the cost of installing infrastructure is not commensurately cheaper. I will qualify the second point, however. Suburban settings with lower population densities and fewer tall buildings tend to be friendlier to wireless deployments than dense urban cores simply because there are fewer obstructions and also because a single base station will often suffice for the whole market’s footprint. Nevertheless, such environments still present challenges, particularly when millimeter microwave equipment is used. Indeed, I know of no instance where millimeter wave equipment has been successfully deployed to serve a residential market in a suburban setting. Lower-microwave equipment is much better suited to low-density urban and suburban settings, and thus it will receive more attention in the chapters that follow; however, where equipment is restricted to line-of-sight connections, a substantial percentage of potential subscribers will remain inaccessible in a macrocellular (large-cell) network architecture—as many as 40 percent by some estimates. Advanced NLOS equipment will allow almost any given customer to be reached, but, depending on the spectrum utilized by the network operator and the area served by a base station, coverage may still be inadequate because of range and capacity limitations rather than obstructions. Unquestionably, the new NLOS equipment will permit the network operator to exploit the available spectrum far more effectively than has been possible with first-generation equipment with its more or less stringent line-of-sight limitation. But as the operator strives to enlist ever-greater numbers of subscribers, the other, harder limitations of distance and sheer user density will manifest themselves. Both range and the reuse of limited spectrum can be greatly enhanced by using adaptive-array smart antennas (covered in Chapter 4), but such technology comes at a cost premium. Figure 1-1 shows a typical example of an urban deployment. Rural areas with low population densities have proven most susceptible to successful wireless broadband deployments both by virtue of the generally open terrain and, perhaps more significantly, the relative absence of wireline competition. But because of the extreme distances that often must be traversed, rural settings can present their own kind of challenges and can require the network operator to invest in multiple, long-range “wireless bridge” transceivers, each with its own high-gain antenna. Whatever the site chosen for the wireless deployment, mapping the potential universe of users, designing the deployment around them, and considering the local topography are crucially important to wireless service providers in a way that they are not to service providers opting for DSL, hybrid fiber coax, or even fiber. However, in the case of fiber, right-of-way issues considerably complicate installation. In general, a wireless operator must know who and where their customers are before they plan the network and certainly before they make any investment in the network beyond research. Failure to observe this rule will almost certainly result in the inappropriate allocation of valuable resources and will likely constrain service levels to the point where the network is noncompetitive.
10 CHAPTER 1 ■ WIRELESS BROADBAND AND THE STANDARDS GOVERNING IT Figure 1-1. Deploying wireless broadband in urban areas Examining the Maturity of the Technology IEEE 802.16 is a new standard, and the equipment embodying it is new. Potential users have the right to question the reliability and robustness of infrastructure gear that has yet to prove itself over the course of several years in actual commercial deployments. Obviously, such hard proof must remain elusive in the near term, but at the same time the purchaser should not conclude that 802.16 is a pig in a poke. IEEE standards work is absolutely exemplary and incorporates the conclusions drawn from exhaustive laboratory investigations as well as extensive deliberations on the part of the leading industry experts for a given technology. IEEE standards are nearly always the prelude to the emergence of mass-produced chipsets based on the standards, and the major chip manufacturers themselves are looking at tremendous investments in development and tooling costs associated with a new standard investments that must be recouped in a successful product introduction. The effect of shoddy standards work would be to jeopardize the very existence of leading semiconductor vendors, and to date the IEEE has shown the utmost diligence in ensuring that standards are thorough and well founded. Furthermore, the IEEE will not normally issue standards on technologies that are deemed not to have major market potential. For example, the IEEE has not set a standard for powerline carrier access equipment or free-air optical simply because those access technologies have not demonstrated much immediate market potential. In short, the creation of an IEEE standard is a serious undertaking, and I have yet to encounter a standard that is essentially unsound. I think 802.16-based equipment will perform as advertised and will give the network operator the tools to launch service offerings that are highly competitive on the basis of sheer performance.
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Figure 6-4. Wireless public network
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Specialized Content Distribution Pl
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Beyond the Central Office CHAPTER 6
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CHAPTER 7 ■ ■ ■ Service Deplo
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CHAPTER 7 ■ SERVICE DEPLOYMENTS O
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CHAPTER 9 ■ ■ ■ Network Secur
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CHAPTER 9 ■ NETWORK SECURITY 189
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Index ■Numbers 2.4GHz to 928MHz b
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asic access and best-effort deliver
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■D dark fiber, features of, 75-76
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harmonics, impact on AC power, 188
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challenges to, 85-86 and NLOS, 121
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PONs (passive optical networks), fe
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signal diversity, providing with ad
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■V VDSL and entertainment service
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