Androgens in Health and Disease.pdf - E Library

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Chapter 10/Androgens and Coronary Artery Disease 211 30. Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs HS. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000;52:595–600. 31. Elting MW, Korsen TJM, Bezemer PD, Schoemaker J. Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiac complaints in a follow-up study of a Dutch PCOS population. Human Reprod 2001;16: 556–560. 32. Hamilton JB, Mestler GE. Mortality and survival: comparison of eunuchs with intact men and women in a mentally retarded population. J Gerontol 1969;24:395–411. 33. Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S, Behre HM. Lifespan and testosterone. Nature 1993;366:215. 34. Van Kesteren PJ, Asscheman H, Megens JA, Gooren LJ. Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47:337–342. 35. Wilson JD. Androgen abuse by athletes. Endocr Rev 1988;9:181–199. 36. Council on Scientific Affairs. Medical and Non-medical uses of anabolic-androgenic steroids. JAMA 1990;264:2923–2937. 37. Yesalis CE, Kennedy NJ, Kopstein AN, Bahrke MS Anabolic-androgen steroid use in the United States. JAMA 1993;270:1217–1221. 38. Rockhold RW. Cardiovascular toxicity of anabolic steroids. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1993;33:497–520. 39. Sullivan ML, Martinez CM, Gennis P, Gallagher EJ. The cardiac toxicity of anabolic steroids. Prog Cardiovas Dis 1998;41:1–15. 40. Jaffe MD. Effect of testosterone on on postexercise ST segment depression. Br Heart J 1977;39:1217–1222. 41. Wu SZ, Weng XZ. Therapeutic effects of an androgenic preparation on myocardial ischemia and cardiac function in 62 elderly male coronary heart disease patients. Chin Med J 1993;106:415–418. 42. English KM, Steed RP, Diver MJ, Jones TH, Channer KS. Low dose transdermal testosterone therapy improves angina threshold in men with chronic stable angina. Circulation 2000;102:1906–1911. 43. Snyder PJ. Editorial: the role of androgens in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1006–1007. 44. Miller KK, Sesmilo G, Schiller A, et al. androgen deficiency in women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:561–567. 45. Larsen BA, Nordestgaard BG, Stender S, Kjeldsen K. Effect of testosterone on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits with similar plasma cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis 1993;99:79–86. 46. Fogelberg M, Björkhem I, Diczfalusy U, Henriksson P. Stanozolol and experimental atherosclerosis: atherosclerosis development and blood lipids during anabolic steroid therapy of New Zealand white rabbits. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1990;50:693–700. 47. Bruch B, Brehme U, Gugel N, et al. Gender-specific differences in the effects of testosterone and estrogen on thedevelopment of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arteriosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2192–2199. 48. Chen SJ, Li HB, Durand J, Oparil S, Chen YF. Estrogen reduces myointimal proliferation after balloon injury of rat carotid artery. Circulation 1996;93:577–584. 49. Alexandersen P, Haarbo J, Byrjalsen I, et al. Natural androgens inhibit male atherosclerosis: a study in castrated, cholesterol-fed rabbits. Circ Res 1999;84:813–819. 50. Toda T, Toda Y, Cho BH, Kummerow FA. Ultrastructural changes in the comb and aorta of chicks fed excess testosterone. Atherosclerosis 1984;51:47–53. 51. Adams MR, Williams JK, Kaplan JR. Effects of androgens on coronary artery atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis-related impairment of vascular responsiveness. Arteriosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:562–570. 52. Obasanjo IO, Clarkson TB, Weaver DS. Effects of the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate on plasma lipids and coronary arteries of female cynomolgus macaques. Metabolism 1996;45:463–468. 53. Elhage R, Arnal JF, Pieraggi M-T, et al.7 17β-estradiol prevents fatty streak formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arteriosclerosis Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2679–2684. 54. Eisner JR, Dumesic DA, Kemnitz JW, Abbott DH. Timing of prenatal androgen excess determines differential impairment in insulin secretion and action in adult female rhesus monkeys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1206–1210. 55. von Dehn G, von Dehn O, Völker W, et al. Atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice is decreased by the suppression of endogenous sex hormones. Horm Metab Res 2001;33:110–114. 56. Nathan L, Shi W, Dinh H, et al. Testosterone inhibits early atherogenesis by conversion to estradiol: Critical role of aromatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:3589–3593.
212 Wu and von Eckardstein 57. Barret-Connor EL. Testosterone and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in men. Diabetes Metab 1995;21:156–161. 58. De Pergola G. The adipose tissue metabolism: role of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Int J Obes Related Metab Disord 2000;24(Suppl 2):S59–S63. 59. Caron P, Bennet A, Camare R, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma is related to testosterone in men. Metabolism 1989;38:1010–1015. 60. Freedman DS, O ´Brien TR, Flanders WD. Relation of serum testosterone levels to high density lipoprotein cholesterol and other characteristics in men. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:307–315. 61. Glueck CJ, Glueck HI, Stroop D, et al. Endogenous testosterone, fibrinolysis, and coronary heart disease risk in hyperlipidemic men. J Lab Clin Med 1993;122:412–420. 62. Hämäläinen E, Adlercreutz H, Ehnholm C. Relationship of serum lipoproteins and apoproteins to the binding capacity of sex hormone binding globulin in healthy Finnish men. Metabolism 1986;35:535–541. 63. Kiel DP, Baron CA, Plymate SR. Sex hormones and lipoproteins in men. Am J Med 1989;87:35–39. 64. Yang XC, Jing TY, Gesnick LM, Phillips GB. Relation of hemostatic factors to other risk factors for coronary artery disease and to sex hormones in men Arteriosclerosis Thromb 1993;13: 467–471. 65. Hergenc G, Schulte H, Assmann G, von Eckardstein A. Associations of obesity markers, insulin, and sex hormones with HDL-cholesterol levels in Turkish and German individuals. Atherosclerosis 1999;145:147–156. 66. Tchernof A, Labrie F, Belanger A, Despres JP. Obesity and metabolic complications: contribution of dehydroepiandrosterone and other steroid hormones. J Endocrinol 1996;150(Suppl):S155–S164. 67. Tsai EC, Boyko EJ, Leonetti DL, Fujimoto WY. Low serum testosterone level as a predictor of increased visceral fat in Japanese-American men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:485–491. 68. Simon D, Charles MA, Nahoul K, et al. Association between plasma total testosterone and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adult men: The Telecom Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:682–685 69. Pasquali R, Macor C, Vicennati V, et al. Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on testosterone serum concentrations in adult obese and normal-weight men. Metabolism 1997;46:526–529. 70. Björntorp P. The regulation of adipose tissue distribution in humans Int J Obesity 1996;20:291–302. 71. Haffner SM, Valdez RA. Endogenous sex hormones: impact on lipds, lipoproteins, and insulin. Am J Med 1995;98(Suppl):S40–S47. 72. Marin P, Odén B, Björntorp P. Assimilation and mobilization of triglycerides in subcutaneous abdominal and femoral adipose tissue in vivo in men: effects of androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:239–243. 73. Vermeulen A. Decreased androgen levels and obesity in men. Ann Med 1996;28:13–15. 74. Couillard C, Gagnon J, Bergnon J, et al. Contribution of body fatness and adipose tissue distribution to the age variation in plasma steroids hormone concentration in men: the HERITAGE family study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1026–1031. 75. Behre HM, Simoni M, Nieschlag E. Strong association between serum levels of leptin and testosterone in men. Clin Endocrinol 1997;47:237–240. 76. Sih R, Morley JE, Kaiser FE, et al. Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12 month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocinol Metab 1997;82:1661–1667. 77. Wang C, Swedloff RS, Iranmanesh A, et al. Transdermal testosterone gel improves sexual function, mood, muscle strength, and body composition parameters in hypogonadal men. Testosterone Gel Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2839–2853. 78. Marin P, Holmäng S, Jönsson L, et al. The effects of testosterone treatment on body composition and metabolism in middle aged men. Int J Obesity 1992;16:991–997. 79. Marin P, Holmäng S, Gustafsson C, et al. Androgen treatment of abdominally obese men. Obes Res 1993;1:245–251. 80. Rebuffé-Scrive M, Marin P, Bjorntorp P. Effect of testosterone on abdominal adipose tissue in men. Int J Obes 1991;15:791–795. 81. Büchter, D, Behre, HM, Kliesch, S, et al. Effects of testosterone suppression in young men by the gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist cetrorelix on plasma lipids, lipolytic enzymes, lipid transfer proteins, insulin, and leptin. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabet 1999;107:522–529. 82. Björntorp P. Hyperandrogenicity in women - a prediabetic condition? J Intern Med 1993;234: 579–583.
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CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY Androgen
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CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY P. Micha
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© 2003 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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vi Preface We hope Androgens in Hea
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viii Contents 13 Androgens and Body
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x Contributors RICHARD S. LEGRO, MD
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2 Winters and Clark
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4 Winters and Clark chorionic gonad
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6 Winters and Clark LH REGULATION O
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8 Winters and Clark These enzymes a
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10 Winters and Clark -subunit mRNA
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12 Winters and Clark Fig. 3. A sche
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14 Winters and Clark Table 1 Factor
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16 Winters and Clark Table 2 Tissue
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18 Winters and Clark 11. Thomas JL,
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20 Winters and Clark 61. Dufau ML,
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22 Winters and Clark 112. Raivio T,
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24 Brown Fig. 1. Mechanism for andr
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26 Brown increase in intracellular
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28 Brown Fig. 2. Structural and fun
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30 Brown Fig. 3. Amino acid sequenc
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32 Brown tions to shuttle the AR th
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34 Brown Fig. 4. Amino acid primary
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36 Brown part of an inactive chroma
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38 Brown the external genitalia is
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40 Brown tors, as well as the trans
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42 Brown 49. Williams SP, Sigler PB
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44 Brown 100. Gregory CW, He B, Joh
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46 Plymate Table 1 Classification o
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48 Plymate In addition to the direc
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50 Plymate LABORATORY FINDINGS In p
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52 Plymate those manifesting as phe
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54 Plymate result in some improveme
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56 Plymate If both testosterone and
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58 Plymate Persistent Müllerian Du
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60 Plymate INFERTILITY RESULTING FR
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62 Plymate unaffected, contralatera
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64 Plymate SECONDARY HYPOGONADISM H
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66 Plymate Other syndromes manifest
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68 Plymate period after the burn. I
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70 Plymate These findings suggest t
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72 Plymate 49. Goebelsmann U, Horto
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74 Plymate 104. Yoshimoto Y, Moride
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76 Plymate
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78 Sutton, Amory, and Clark levels
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80 Sutton, Amory, and Clark cebo in
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82 Sutton, Amory, and Clark Finaste
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84 Sutton, Amory, and Clark through
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86 Sutton, Amory, and Clark 40. The
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88 Sutton, Amory, and Clark 88. Rob
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90 Lindzey and Korach Fig. 1. Cellu
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92 Lindzey and Korach estrogen sign
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94 Lindzey and Korach TESTIS AND DU
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96 Lindzey and Korach sufficient to
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98 Lindzey and Korach Seminal Vesic
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100 Lindzey and Korach 17. Krege JH
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102 Lindzey and Korach 68. Chang WY
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104 McPhaul on the Y chromosome det
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106 106 McPhaul
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108 McPhaul number of alleles, dele
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110 McPhaul The first mutation of t
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112 McPhaul gene. In vitro studies
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114 McPhaul risk of impaired sperma
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116 McPhaul carrying a single mutan
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118 McPhaul REFERENCES 1. Koopman P
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120 McPhaul 45. Weidemann W, Peters
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122 McPhaul 92. Koivisto P, Kononen
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124 Legro Fig. 1. The spectrum of p
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126 Legro Virilization presents wit
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128 Legro Fig. 3. The paradox of an
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130 Legro small high-density athero
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132 Legro Table 2 Syndromes or Dise
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134 Legro Insulin-Sensitizing Agent
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136 Legro is undetermined according
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138 Legro 39. Lee O, Farquhar C, To
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140 Legro
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142 Wang and Swerdloff PHARMACOLOGY
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144 Wang and Swerdloff The 17α-alk
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146 Wang and Swerdloff Table 2 Dose
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148 Wang and Swerdloff The steroid
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150 Wang and Swerdloff The inabilit
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152 Wang and Swerdloff 15. De Lorim
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154 Wang and Swerdloff
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156 Marcelli et al.
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158 Marcelli et al. Differentiated
Page 171 and 172: 160 Marcelli et al. These coactivat
Page 173 and 174: 162 Marcelli et al. tigators have e
Page 175 and 176: 164 Marcelli et al. AR in Prostate
Page 177 and 178: 166 Marcelli et al. Table 1 Androge
Page 179 and 180: 168 Marcelli et al. A molecular exp
Page 181 and 182: 170 Marcelli et al. The above data
Page 183 and 184: 172 Marcelli et al. up to 9 yr late
Page 185 and 186: 174 Marcelli et al. Three major pha
Page 187 and 188: 176 Marcelli et al. vitro model of
Page 189 and 190: 178 Marcelli et al. yr, survival wa
Page 191 and 192: 180 Marcelli et al. 26. McKenna NJ,
Page 193 and 194: 182 Marcelli et al. 78. Isaacs J, C
Page 195 and 196: 184 Marcelli et al. 126. Watanabe M
Page 197 and 198: 186 Marcelli et al. 177. Kousteni S
Page 199 and 200: 188 Marcelli et al. 231. Colombel M
Page 201 and 202: 190 Marcelli et al.
Page 203 and 204: 192 Wu and von Eckardstein contrace
Page 205 and 206: 194 Wu and von Eckardstein beam com
Page 207 and 208: 196 Wu and von Eckardstein excess o
Page 209 and 210: 198 Wu and von Eckardstein Endogeno
Page 211 and 212: Table 3 Change in Lipids in Hypogon
Page 213 and 214: Table 3 (continued) ∆LDL ∆HDL
Page 215 and 216: 204 Wu and von Eckardstein THE HEMO
Page 217 and 218: 206 Wu and von Eckardstein In vivo
Page 219 and 220: 208 Wu and von Eckardstein (uptake
Page 221: 210 Wu and von Eckardstein 4. Bhasi
Page 225 and 226: 214 Wu and von Eckardstein 107. Fra
Page 227 and 228: 216 Wu and von Eckardstein 152. Zmu
Page 229 and 230: 218 Wu and von Eckardstein 201. Cho
Page 231 and 232: 220 Wu and von Eckardstein 250. Eic
Page 233 and 234: 222 Kenny and Raisz with a cartilag
Page 235 and 236: 224 Kenny and Raisz METABOLISM OF A
Page 237 and 238: 226 Kenny and Raisz The level of th
Page 239 and 240: 228 Kenny and Raisz REFERENCES 1. G
Page 241 and 242: 230 Kenny and Raisz 51. Morishima A
Page 243 and 244: 232 Kenny and Raisz 103. Snyder PJ,
Page 245 and 246: 234 Basaria and Dobs losses in wome
Page 247 and 248: 236 Basaria and Dobs 15 dialysis pa
Page 249 and 250: 238 Basaria and Dobs duced remissio
Page 251 and 252: 240 Basaria and Dobs hematocrit lev
Page 253 and 254: 242 Basaria and Dobs 40. Sanchez-Me
Page 255 and 256: 244 Katznelson in men with testoste
Page 257 and 258: 246 Katznelson Fig. 1. Body weight,
Page 259 and 260: 248 Katznelson change during treatm
Page 261 and 262: 250 Katznelson testosterone or free
Page 263 and 264: 252 Katznelson disproportionate dec
Page 265 and 266: 254 Katznelson have been additional
Page 267 and 268: 256 Katznelson 18. Marin P, Lonn L,
Page 269 and 270: 258 Katznelson 71. Davis SR, McClou
Page 271 and 272: 260 Bancroft Androgen Deficiency an
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262 Bancroft studies had presented
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264 Bancroft Bagatell et al. (36) g
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266 Bancroft much larger group of a
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268 Bancroft In a report of a serie
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270 Bancroft onset was related to a
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272 Bancroft Particularly confusing
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274 Bancroft 4. Studies using place
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276 Bancroft either E and T or plac
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278 Bancroft cytotoxic therapy supp
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280 Bancroft Women with Endocrine A
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282 Bancroft in response to the fil
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284 Bancroft Men are much more awar
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286 Bancroft 22. Morales A, Johnsto
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288 Bancroft 78. Hyde JS, DeLamater
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290 Bancroft 129. Appelt H, Strauss
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292 Cherrier and Craft Fig. 1. Path
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294 Cherrier and Craft ment of the
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296 Cherrier and Craft information
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298 Cherrier and Craft Fig. 3. Wech
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300 Cherrier and Craft gen excess r
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302 Cherrier and Craft occurring wi
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304 Cherrier and Craft gesting that
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306 Cherrier and Craft 39. Gouchie
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308 Cherrier and Craft 94. Kelso WM
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310 Cherrier and Craft
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312 Matsumoto
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314 Matsumoto long-term benefits an
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316 Matsumoto manifestations (7). F
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318 Formulation Usual adult dosage
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320 Matsumoto Fig. 1. Mean serum T
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322 Matsumoto dosage is increased g
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324 Matsumoto Androgel 5 g (50 mg o
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326 Matsumoto gen receptor and tiss
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328 Matsumoto such as hepatic cirrh
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330 Matsumoto occasionally, more se
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332 Matsumoto 27. Bhasin S, Bremner
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334 Matsumoto 77. Dobs AS, Meikle A
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336 Richmond and Rogol PHYSIOLOGY O
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338 Richmond and Rogol activity (28
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340 Richmond and Rogol increase lin
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342 Richmond and Rogol curve, the h
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344 Richmond and Rogol Permanent hy
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346 Richmond and Rogol 46. Stanhope
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348 Tenover In aging men, the combi
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350 Tenover Table 1 Changes in Andr
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352 Tenover studies in which eugona
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354 Tenover Table 3 Testosterone Th
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356 Tenover Table 5 ART in Older Me
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358 Tenover be overcome with either
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360 Tenover Laboratory tests should
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362 Tenover 40. Kohrt WM, Malley MT
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364 Tenover 95. Mooradian AD, Morle
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366 Davis Table 1 Proposed Androgen
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368 Davis transdermal testosterone
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370 Davis increase in circulating t
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372 Davis (93). Most recently, Zhou
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374 Davis Table 4 Androgen Replacem
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376 Davis 8. Vierhapper H, Nowotny
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378 Davis 60. Simberg N, Titinen A,
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380 Davis
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382 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer h
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384 Table 2 Effects of Testosterone
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386 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer e
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388 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer F
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390 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer t
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Table 3 Effects of Testosterone Sup
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Table 4 Effects of Testosterone Sup
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396 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer c
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398 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer C
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400 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer w
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402 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer 4
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404 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer
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406 Amory Fig. 1. The endocrinology
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408 Amory pregnancies fathered by t
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410 Amory antagonists can suppress
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412 Amory 100-mg doses of weekly TE
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414 Amory FUTURE DIRECTIONS Given t
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416 Amory 22. Oral contraception. I
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418 Amory
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420 Anawalt inadequate androgen eff
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422 Anawalt few specialty commercia
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424 Anawalt Fig. 1. (C) Secondary h
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426 Anawalt Fig. 2. Evaluation and
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428 Anawalt All men with secondary
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430 Anawalt anemia (38). With the a
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432 Anawalt osterone levels achieve
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434 Anawalt SIDE EFFECTS OF ANDROGE
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436 Anawalt 7. Rosner W. Errors in
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438 Anawalt 59. Mackey MA, Conway A
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440 Index polycystic ovaries, 131 A
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442 Index lipoid congenital adrenal
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444 Index women, 254 dihydrotestost
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446 Index Pituitary adenoma, male h
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448 Index lipoid congenital adrenal
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