Androgens in Health and Disease.pdf - E Library

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Chapter 10/Androgens and Coronary Artery Disease 213 83. Björntorp P. Fatty acids, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance: which comes first? Curr Opin Lipidol 1994;5:166–174. 84. Dieudonne MN, Pecquery R, Leneveu MC, Giudicelli Y. Opposite effects of androgens and estrogens on adipogenesis in rat preadipocytes: evidence for sex and site-related specificities and possible involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2. Endocrinology 2000;141(2):649–656. 85. Mantzoros CS, Dunaif A, Flier JS. Leptin concentrations in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1687–1691. 86. Rouru J, Anttila L, Koskinen P, et al. Serum leptin concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1697–1700. 87. Sherif K, Kushner H, Falkner BE. Sex hormone-binding globulin and insulin resistance in African- American women. Metabolism 1998;47:70–74. 88. Lindstedt G, Lundberg P, Lapidus L, et al. Low sex hormone binding globulin concentration as an independent risk factor for development of NIDDM: 12 yr follow up of population study of women in Gothenburg. Diabetes 1991;40:123–128. 89. Wortsman J, Soler NG. Abnormalities of fuel metabolism in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 1982;60:342–345. 90. Mattson LA, Cullberg G, Hamberger L, et al. Lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: possible implications for an increased risk for coronary heart disease. Fertil Steril 1984;42:579–584. 91. Wild RA, Palmer PC, Coulson PB, et al. Lipoprotein lipid concentrations and cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;61:946–951. 92. Conway GS, Agrawal R, Betteridge DJ, Jacobs HS. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in lean and obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 1992;37:119–125. 93. Dahlgren E, Janson PO, Johansson S, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for myocardial infarction: evaluated from a risk factor model based on a prospective population study of women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992;71:599–604. 94. Dahlgren E, Lapidus A, Janson P, et al. Hemostatic and metabolic variables in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1994;61:455–460. 95. Talbott E, Guzick D, Clerici A, et al. Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arteriosclosis Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:821–826. 96. Sampson M, Kong C, Patel A, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure profiles and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity in lean women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996;45:623–629. 97. von Eckardstein S, von Eckardstein A, et al. Elevated low density lipoprotein-cholesterol in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Gynecol Endocrin 1996;10:311–318. 98. Fox R. Prevalence of a positive family history of type 2 diabetes in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Gynecol Endocrinol 1999;13:390–393. 99. Penttila TL, Koskinen P, Penttila TA, et al. Obesity regulates bioavailable testosterone levels in women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome.Fertil Steril 1999;71:457–461. 100. Sozen I, Arici A. Hyperinsulinism and its interaction with hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2000;55:321–328. 101. Conway GS, Clark PM, Wong D. Hyperinsulinaemia in the polycystic ovary syndrome confirmed with a specific immunoradiometric assay for insulin. Clin Endocrinol 1993;38:219–222. 102. Chang RJ, Nakamura RM, Judd HL, Kaplan SA. Insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1983;57:356–359. 103. Dunaif A, Mandeli J, Fluhr H, Dobrjansky A. The impact of obesity on chronic hyperinsulinemia on gonadotropin release and gonadal steroid secretion in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1988;66:131–139. 104. Graf MJ, Richards CJ, Brown V, et al. The independent effects of hyperandrogenaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and obesity on lipid and lipoprotein profiles in women. Clin Endocrinol 1990;33:119–131. 105. Haffner SM. Sex hormone-binding protein, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and noninsulindependent diabetes. Horm Res 1996;45:233–237. 106. Holte J, Bergh T , Berne C and Lithell H. Serum lipoprotein lipid profile in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to anthropometric, endocrine and metabolic variables. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:463–471.
214 Wu and von Eckardstein 107. Franks S, Gilling-Smith C, Watson H, Willis D. Insulin action in the normal and polycystic ovary. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1999;28(2):361–378. 108. Acién P, Quereda F, Matallin P, et al. Insulin, androgens, and obesity in women with and withoutpolycystic ovary syndrome: a heterogeneous group of disorders. Fertil Steril 1999;72: 32–40. 109. Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, de Vargas AF, et al. Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2001–2005. 110. Dunaif A, Thomas A. Current concepts in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Ann Rev Med 2001;52:401–419. 111. Ehrmann DA, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, et al. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:524–530. 112. Velazquez EM, Mendoza SG, Wang P, Glueck CJ. Metformin therapy is associated with a decrease in plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, lipoprotein(a), and immunoreactive insulin levels in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 1997;46:454–457. 113. Pasquali R, Filicori M. Insulin sensitizing agents and polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 1998;138:253–254. 114. Kolodziejczyk B, Duleba AJ, Spaczynski RZ, Pawelczyk L. Metformin therapy decreases hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2000;73:1149–1154. 115. Dahlgren E, Landin K, Krotkiewski M, et al. Effects of two antiandrogen treatments on hirsutism and insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 1998;13:2706–2711. 116. Morghetti P, Tosi F, Castello R et al. The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women. J Clin endocrinol Metab 1997;81:952–960. 117. Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Mitrakou A, Raptis S, et al. The effect of a pure antiandrogen receptor blocker, flutamide, on the lipid profile in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2699–2705. 118. Lemieux S, Lewis GF, Ben-Chetrit A, et al. Correction of hyperandrogenemia by laparoscopic ovarian cautery in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome is not accompanied by improved insulin sensitivity or lipid-lipoprotein levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:4278–4282. 119. Polderman KH, Gooren LJ, Asschermann H et al. Induction of insulin resistance by androgens and estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:265––271. 120. Elbers JM, de Jong S, Teerlink T, et al. Changes in fat cell size and in vitro lipolytic activity of abdominal and gluteal adipocytes after a one-year cross-sex hormone administration in transsexuals. Metabolism 1999;48(11):1371–1377. 121. Lovejoy JC, Bray GA, Bourgeois MO, et al. Exogenous androgens influence body composition and regional body fat distribution in obese postmenopausal women - a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(6):2198–2203. 122. Nilsson C, Niklasson M, Eriksson E, et al. Imprinting of female offspring with testosterone results in insulin resistance and changes in body fat distribution at adult age in rats. J Clin Invest 1998;101(1):74–78. 123. Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev 1997;18:774–800. 124. Rosenfield RL. Ovarian and adrenal function in polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1999;28:265–293. 125. Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, Reamer P, et al. Ovulatory and metabolic effects of d-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Eng J Med 1999;340:1314–1320. 126. Valdemarsson S, Hedner P, Nilsson-Ehle P. Increase in hepatic lipase activity after testosterone substitution in men with hypogonadism of pituitary origin. Acta Med Scand 1987;221:363–366. 127. Kirkland RT, Keenan BS, Probstfield JL, et al. Decrease in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at puberty in boys with delayed adolescence: Correlation with plasma testosterone levels JAMA 1987;257:502–507. 128. Sorva R, Kuusi T, Taskinene MR, et al. Testosterone substitution increases the activity of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase in hypogonadal men. Atherosclerosis 1988;69:191–197.
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CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY Androgen
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CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY P. Micha
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© 2003 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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vi Preface We hope Androgens in Hea
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viii Contents 13 Androgens and Body
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x Contributors RICHARD S. LEGRO, MD
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2 Winters and Clark
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4 Winters and Clark chorionic gonad
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6 Winters and Clark LH REGULATION O
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8 Winters and Clark These enzymes a
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10 Winters and Clark -subunit mRNA
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12 Winters and Clark Fig. 3. A sche
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14 Winters and Clark Table 1 Factor
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16 Winters and Clark Table 2 Tissue
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18 Winters and Clark 11. Thomas JL,
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20 Winters and Clark 61. Dufau ML,
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22 Winters and Clark 112. Raivio T,
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24 Brown Fig. 1. Mechanism for andr
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26 Brown increase in intracellular
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28 Brown Fig. 2. Structural and fun
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30 Brown Fig. 3. Amino acid sequenc
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32 Brown tions to shuttle the AR th
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34 Brown Fig. 4. Amino acid primary
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36 Brown part of an inactive chroma
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38 Brown the external genitalia is
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40 Brown tors, as well as the trans
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42 Brown 49. Williams SP, Sigler PB
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44 Brown 100. Gregory CW, He B, Joh
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46 Plymate Table 1 Classification o
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48 Plymate In addition to the direc
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50 Plymate LABORATORY FINDINGS In p
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52 Plymate those manifesting as phe
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54 Plymate result in some improveme
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56 Plymate If both testosterone and
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58 Plymate Persistent Müllerian Du
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60 Plymate INFERTILITY RESULTING FR
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62 Plymate unaffected, contralatera
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64 Plymate SECONDARY HYPOGONADISM H
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66 Plymate Other syndromes manifest
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68 Plymate period after the burn. I
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70 Plymate These findings suggest t
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72 Plymate 49. Goebelsmann U, Horto
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74 Plymate 104. Yoshimoto Y, Moride
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76 Plymate
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78 Sutton, Amory, and Clark levels
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80 Sutton, Amory, and Clark cebo in
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82 Sutton, Amory, and Clark Finaste
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84 Sutton, Amory, and Clark through
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86 Sutton, Amory, and Clark 40. The
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88 Sutton, Amory, and Clark 88. Rob
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90 Lindzey and Korach Fig. 1. Cellu
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92 Lindzey and Korach estrogen sign
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94 Lindzey and Korach TESTIS AND DU
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96 Lindzey and Korach sufficient to
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98 Lindzey and Korach Seminal Vesic
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100 Lindzey and Korach 17. Krege JH
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102 Lindzey and Korach 68. Chang WY
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104 McPhaul on the Y chromosome det
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106 106 McPhaul
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108 McPhaul number of alleles, dele
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110 McPhaul The first mutation of t
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112 McPhaul gene. In vitro studies
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114 McPhaul risk of impaired sperma
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116 McPhaul carrying a single mutan
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118 McPhaul REFERENCES 1. Koopman P
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120 McPhaul 45. Weidemann W, Peters
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122 McPhaul 92. Koivisto P, Kononen
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124 Legro Fig. 1. The spectrum of p
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126 Legro Virilization presents wit
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128 Legro Fig. 3. The paradox of an
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130 Legro small high-density athero
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132 Legro Table 2 Syndromes or Dise
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134 Legro Insulin-Sensitizing Agent
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136 Legro is undetermined according
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138 Legro 39. Lee O, Farquhar C, To
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140 Legro
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142 Wang and Swerdloff PHARMACOLOGY
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144 Wang and Swerdloff The 17α-alk
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146 Wang and Swerdloff Table 2 Dose
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148 Wang and Swerdloff The steroid
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150 Wang and Swerdloff The inabilit
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152 Wang and Swerdloff 15. De Lorim
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154 Wang and Swerdloff
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156 Marcelli et al.
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158 Marcelli et al. Differentiated
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160 Marcelli et al. These coactivat
Page 173 and 174: 162 Marcelli et al. tigators have e
Page 175 and 176: 164 Marcelli et al. AR in Prostate
Page 177 and 178: 166 Marcelli et al. Table 1 Androge
Page 179 and 180: 168 Marcelli et al. A molecular exp
Page 181 and 182: 170 Marcelli et al. The above data
Page 183 and 184: 172 Marcelli et al. up to 9 yr late
Page 185 and 186: 174 Marcelli et al. Three major pha
Page 187 and 188: 176 Marcelli et al. vitro model of
Page 189 and 190: 178 Marcelli et al. yr, survival wa
Page 191 and 192: 180 Marcelli et al. 26. McKenna NJ,
Page 193 and 194: 182 Marcelli et al. 78. Isaacs J, C
Page 195 and 196: 184 Marcelli et al. 126. Watanabe M
Page 197 and 198: 186 Marcelli et al. 177. Kousteni S
Page 199 and 200: 188 Marcelli et al. 231. Colombel M
Page 201 and 202: 190 Marcelli et al.
Page 203 and 204: 192 Wu and von Eckardstein contrace
Page 205 and 206: 194 Wu and von Eckardstein beam com
Page 207 and 208: 196 Wu and von Eckardstein excess o
Page 209 and 210: 198 Wu and von Eckardstein Endogeno
Page 211 and 212: Table 3 Change in Lipids in Hypogon
Page 213 and 214: Table 3 (continued) ∆LDL ∆HDL
Page 215 and 216: 204 Wu and von Eckardstein THE HEMO
Page 217 and 218: 206 Wu and von Eckardstein In vivo
Page 219 and 220: 208 Wu and von Eckardstein (uptake
Page 221 and 222: 210 Wu and von Eckardstein 4. Bhasi
Page 223: 212 Wu and von Eckardstein 57. Barr
Page 227 and 228: 216 Wu and von Eckardstein 152. Zmu
Page 229 and 230: 218 Wu and von Eckardstein 201. Cho
Page 231 and 232: 220 Wu and von Eckardstein 250. Eic
Page 233 and 234: 222 Kenny and Raisz with a cartilag
Page 235 and 236: 224 Kenny and Raisz METABOLISM OF A
Page 237 and 238: 226 Kenny and Raisz The level of th
Page 239 and 240: 228 Kenny and Raisz REFERENCES 1. G
Page 241 and 242: 230 Kenny and Raisz 51. Morishima A
Page 243 and 244: 232 Kenny and Raisz 103. Snyder PJ,
Page 245 and 246: 234 Basaria and Dobs losses in wome
Page 247 and 248: 236 Basaria and Dobs 15 dialysis pa
Page 249 and 250: 238 Basaria and Dobs duced remissio
Page 251 and 252: 240 Basaria and Dobs hematocrit lev
Page 253 and 254: 242 Basaria and Dobs 40. Sanchez-Me
Page 255 and 256: 244 Katznelson in men with testoste
Page 257 and 258: 246 Katznelson Fig. 1. Body weight,
Page 259 and 260: 248 Katznelson change during treatm
Page 261 and 262: 250 Katznelson testosterone or free
Page 263 and 264: 252 Katznelson disproportionate dec
Page 265 and 266: 254 Katznelson have been additional
Page 267 and 268: 256 Katznelson 18. Marin P, Lonn L,
Page 269 and 270: 258 Katznelson 71. Davis SR, McClou
Page 271 and 272: 260 Bancroft Androgen Deficiency an
Page 273 and 274: 262 Bancroft studies had presented
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264 Bancroft Bagatell et al. (36) g
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266 Bancroft much larger group of a
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268 Bancroft In a report of a serie
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270 Bancroft onset was related to a
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272 Bancroft Particularly confusing
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274 Bancroft 4. Studies using place
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276 Bancroft either E and T or plac
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278 Bancroft cytotoxic therapy supp
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280 Bancroft Women with Endocrine A
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282 Bancroft in response to the fil
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284 Bancroft Men are much more awar
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286 Bancroft 22. Morales A, Johnsto
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288 Bancroft 78. Hyde JS, DeLamater
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290 Bancroft 129. Appelt H, Strauss
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292 Cherrier and Craft Fig. 1. Path
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294 Cherrier and Craft ment of the
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296 Cherrier and Craft information
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298 Cherrier and Craft Fig. 3. Wech
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300 Cherrier and Craft gen excess r
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302 Cherrier and Craft occurring wi
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304 Cherrier and Craft gesting that
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306 Cherrier and Craft 39. Gouchie
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308 Cherrier and Craft 94. Kelso WM
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310 Cherrier and Craft
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312 Matsumoto
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314 Matsumoto long-term benefits an
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316 Matsumoto manifestations (7). F
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318 Formulation Usual adult dosage
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320 Matsumoto Fig. 1. Mean serum T
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322 Matsumoto dosage is increased g
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324 Matsumoto Androgel 5 g (50 mg o
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326 Matsumoto gen receptor and tiss
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328 Matsumoto such as hepatic cirrh
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330 Matsumoto occasionally, more se
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332 Matsumoto 27. Bhasin S, Bremner
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334 Matsumoto 77. Dobs AS, Meikle A
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336 Richmond and Rogol PHYSIOLOGY O
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338 Richmond and Rogol activity (28
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340 Richmond and Rogol increase lin
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342 Richmond and Rogol curve, the h
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344 Richmond and Rogol Permanent hy
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346 Richmond and Rogol 46. Stanhope
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348 Tenover In aging men, the combi
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350 Tenover Table 1 Changes in Andr
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352 Tenover studies in which eugona
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354 Tenover Table 3 Testosterone Th
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356 Tenover Table 5 ART in Older Me
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358 Tenover be overcome with either
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360 Tenover Laboratory tests should
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362 Tenover 40. Kohrt WM, Malley MT
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364 Tenover 95. Mooradian AD, Morle
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366 Davis Table 1 Proposed Androgen
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368 Davis transdermal testosterone
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370 Davis increase in circulating t
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372 Davis (93). Most recently, Zhou
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374 Davis Table 4 Androgen Replacem
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376 Davis 8. Vierhapper H, Nowotny
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378 Davis 60. Simberg N, Titinen A,
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380 Davis
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382 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer h
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384 Table 2 Effects of Testosterone
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386 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer e
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388 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer F
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390 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer t
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Table 3 Effects of Testosterone Sup
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Table 4 Effects of Testosterone Sup
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396 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer c
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398 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer C
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400 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer w
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402 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer 4
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404 Bhasin, Woodhouse, and Storer
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406 Amory Fig. 1. The endocrinology
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408 Amory pregnancies fathered by t
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410 Amory antagonists can suppress
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412 Amory 100-mg doses of weekly TE
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414 Amory FUTURE DIRECTIONS Given t
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416 Amory 22. Oral contraception. I
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418 Amory
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420 Anawalt inadequate androgen eff
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422 Anawalt few specialty commercia
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424 Anawalt Fig. 1. (C) Secondary h
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426 Anawalt Fig. 2. Evaluation and
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428 Anawalt All men with secondary
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430 Anawalt anemia (38). With the a
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432 Anawalt osterone levels achieve
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434 Anawalt SIDE EFFECTS OF ANDROGE
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436 Anawalt 7. Rosner W. Errors in
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438 Anawalt 59. Mackey MA, Conway A
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440 Index polycystic ovaries, 131 A
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442 Index lipoid congenital adrenal
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444 Index women, 254 dihydrotestost
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446 Index Pituitary adenoma, male h
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448 Index lipoid congenital adrenal
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